庄子 Zhuangzi III

《杂篇》


　庚桑楚 - Geng-sang Chu
1
庚桑楚:
老聃之役，有庚桑楚者，偏得老聃之道，以北居畏垒之山。其臣之画然知者去之，其妾之挈然仁者远之，拥肿之与居，鞅掌之为使。居三年，畏垒大壤。畏垒之民相与言曰：“庚桑子之始来，吾洒然异之。今吾日计之而不足，岁计之而有馀。庶几其圣人乎！子胡不相与尸而祝之，社而稷之乎？”

Geng-sang Chu:
Among the disciples of Lao Dan there was a Geng-sang Chu, who had got a greater knowledge than the others of his doctrines, and took up his residence with it in the north at the hill of Wei-lei. His servants who were pretentious and knowing he sent away, and his concubines who were officious and kindly he kept at a distance; living (only) with those who were boorish and rude, and employing (only) the bustling and ill-mannered. After three years there was great prosperity in Wei-lei, and the people said to one another, 'When Mr. Geng-sang first came here, he alarmed us, and we thought him strange; our estimate of him after a short acquaintance was that he could not do us much good; but now that we have known him for years, we find him a more than ordinary benefit. Must he not be near being a sage? Why should you not unite in blessing him as the representative of our departed (whom we worship), and raise an altar to him as we do to the spirit of the grain?'


庚桑子闻之，南面而不释然。弟子异之。庚桑子曰：“弟子何异于予？夫春气发而百草生，正得秋而万宝成。夫春与秋，岂无得而然哉？天道已行矣。吾闻至人尸居环堵之室，而百姓猖狂不知所如往。今以畏垒之细民而窃窃欲俎豆予于贤人之闲，我其杓之人邪？吾是以不释于老聃之言。”


Geng-sang heard of it, kept his face indeed to the south but was dissatisfied. His disciples thought it strange in him, but he said to them, 'Why, my disciples, should you think this strange in me? When the airs of spring come forth, all vegetation grows; and, when the autumn arrives, all the previous fruits of the earth are matured. Do spring and autumn have these effects without any adequate cause? The processes of the Great Dao have been in operation. I have heard that the Perfect man dwells idly in his apartment within its surrounding walls, and the people get wild and crazy, not knowing how they should repair to him. Now these small people of Wei-lei in their opinionative way want to present their offerings to me, and place me among such men of ability and virtue. But am I a man to be set up as such a model? It is on this account that I am dissatisfied when I think of the words of Lao Dan.'
2
庚桑楚:
弟子曰：“不然。夫寻常之沟，巨鱼无所还其体，而鲵鰌为之制；步仞之丘陵，巨兽无所隐其躯，而㜸狐为之祥。且夫尊贤授能，先善与利，自古尧、舜以然，而况畏垒之民乎？夫子亦听矣！”

Geng-sang Chu:
His disciples said, 'Not so. In ditches eight cubits wide, or even twice as much, big fishes cannot turn their bodies about, but minnows and eels find them sufficient for them; on hillocks six or seven cubits high, large beasts cannot conceal themselves, but foxes of evil omen find it a good place for them. And moreover, honour should be paid to the wise, offices given to the able, and preference shown to the good and the beneficial. From of old Yao and Shun acted thus - how much more may the people of Wei-lei do so! 0 Master, let them have their way!'


庚桑子曰：“小子来！夫函车之兽，介而离山，则不免于罔罟之患；吞舟之鱼，砀而失水，则蚁能苦之。故鸟兽不厌高，鱼鳖不厌深。夫全其形生之人，藏其身也，不厌深眇而已矣。且夫二子者，又何足以称扬哉！是其于辩也，将妄凿垣墙而殖蓬蒿也。简发而栉，数米而炊，窃窃乎又何足以济世哉！举贤则民相轧，任知则民相盗。之数物者，不足以厚民。民之于利甚勤，子有杀父，臣有杀君，正昼为盗，日中穴杯。吾语女：大乱之本，必生于尧、舜之间，其末存乎千世之后。千世之后，其必有人与人相食者也。”


Geng-sang replied, 'Come nearer, my little children. If a beast that could hold a carriage in its mouth leave its hill by itself, it will not escape the danger that awaits it from the net; or if a fish that could swallow a boat be left dry by the flowing away of the water, then (even) the ants are able to trouble it. Thus it is that birds and beasts seek to be as high as possible, and fishes and turtles seek to lie as deep as possible. In the same way men who wish to preserve their bodies and lives keep their persons concealed, and they do so in the deepest retirement possible. And moreover, what was there in those sovereigns to entitle them to your laudatory mention? Their sophistical reasonings (resembled) the reckless breaking down of walls and enclosures and planting the wild rubus and wormwood in their place; or making the hair thin before they combed it; or counting the grains of rice before they cooked them. They would do such things with careful discrimination; but what was there in them to benefit the world? If you raise the men of talent to office, you will create disorder; making the people strive with one another for promotion; if you employ men for their wisdom, the people will rob one another (of their reputation). These various things are insufficient to make the people good and honest. They are very eager for gain - a son will kill his father, and a minister his ruler (for it). In broad daylight men will rob, and at midday break through walls. I tell you that the root of the greatest disorder was planted in the times of Yao and Shun. The branches of it will remain for a thousand ages; and after a thousand ages men will be found eating one another.'
3
庚桑楚:
南荣趎蹴然正坐曰：“若趎之年者已长矣，将恶乎托业以及此言邪？”庚桑子曰：“全汝形，抱汝生，无使汝思虑营营。若此三年，则可以及此言矣。”南荣趎曰：“目之与形，吾不知其异也，而盲者不能自见；耳之与形，吾不知其异也，而聋者不能自闻；心之与形，吾不知其异也，而狂者不能自得。形之与形亦辟矣，而物或闲之邪，欲相求而不能相得？今谓趎曰：‘全汝形，抱汝生，勿使汝思虑营营。’趎勉闻道达耳矣。”庚桑子曰：“辞尽矣。曰：‘奔蜂不能化藿蠋，越鸡不能伏鹄卵，鲁鸡固能矣。’鸡之与鸡，其德非不同也，有能有不能者，其才固有巨小也。今吾才小，不足以化子，子胡不南见老子？”

Geng-sang Chu:
(On this) Nan-rong Chu abruptly sat right up and said, 'What method can an old man like me adopt to become (the Perfect man) that you have described?' Geng-sang Zi said, 'Maintain your body complete; hold your life in close embrace; and do not let your thoughts keep working anxiously: do this for three years, and you may become the man of whom I have spoken.' The other rejoined, 'Eyes are all of the same form, I do not know any difference between them: yet the blind have no power of vision. Ears are all of the same form; I do not know any difference between them: yet the deaf have no power of hearing. Minds are all of the same nature, I do not know any difference between them - yet the mad cannot make the minds of other men their own. (My) personality is indeed like (yours), but things seem to separate between us. I wish to find in myself what there is in you, but I am not able to do so. You have now said to me, "Maintain your body complete; hold your life in close embrace; and do not let your thoughts keep working anxiously." With all my efforts to learn your Way, (your words) reach only my ears.' Geng-sang replied, 'I can say nothing more to you,' and then he added, 'Small flies cannot transform the bean caterpillar; Yue fowls cannot hatch the eggs of geese, but li fowls can. It is not that the nature of these fowls is different; the ability in the one case and inability in the other arise from their different capacities as large and small. My ability is small and not sufficient to transform you. Why should you not go south and see Laozi?'
4
庚桑楚:
南荣趎赢粮，七日七夜至老子之所。老子曰：“子自楚之所来乎？”南荣趎曰：“唯。”老子曰：“子何与人偕来之众也？”南荣趎惧然顾其后。老子曰：“子不知吾所谓乎？”南荣趎俯而惭，仰而叹曰：“今者吾忘吾答，因失吾问。”老子曰：“何谓也？”南荣趎曰；“不知乎？人谓我朱愚。知乎？反愁我躯。不仁则害人，仁则反愁我身；不义则伤彼，义则反愁我已。我安逃此而可？此三言者，趎之所患也，愿因楚而问之。”老子曰：“向吾见若眉睫之间，吾因以得汝矣，今汝又言而信之。若规规然若丧父母，揭竿而求诸海也。女亡人哉！惘惘乎汝欲反汝情性而无由入，可怜哉！”

Geng-sang Chu:
Nan-rong Chu hereupon took with him some rations, and after seven days and seven nights arrived at the abode of Laozi, who said to him, 'Are you come from Chu's?' 'I am,' was the reply. 'And why, Sir, have you come with such a multitude of attendants?' Nan-rong was frightened, and turned his head round to look behind him. Laozi said, 'Do you not understand my meaning?' The other held his head down and was ashamed, and then he lifted it up, and sighed, saying, 'I forgot at the moment what I should reply to your question, and in consequence I have lost what I wished to ask you.' 'What do you mean?' 'If I have not wisdom, men say that I am stupid, while if I have it, it occasions distress to myself. If I have not benevolence, then (I am charged) with doing hurt to others, while if I have it, I distress myself. If I have not righteousness, I (am charged with) injuring others, while if I have it, I distress myself. How can I escape from these dilemmas? These are the three perplexities that trouble me; and I wish at the suggestion of Chu to ask you about them.' Laozi replied, 'A little time ago, when I saw you and looked right into your eyes, I understood you, and now your words confirm the judgment which I formed. You look frightened and amazed. You have lost your parents, and are trying with a pole to find them at the (bottom of) the sea. You have gone astray; you are at your wit's end. You wish to recover your proper nature, and you know not what step to take first to find it. You are to be pitied!'
5
庚桑楚:
南荣趎请入就舍，召其所好，去其所恶，十日自愁，复见老子。老子曰：“汝自洒濯，熟哉郁郁乎！然而其中津津乎犹有恶也。夫外韄者不可繁而捉，将内揵；内韄者不可缪而捉，将外揵。外、内韄者，道德不能持，而况放道而行者乎！”

Geng-sang Chu:
Nan-rong Chu asked to be allowed to enter (the establishment), and have an apartment assigned to him. (There) he sought to realise the qualities which he loved, and put away those which he hated. For ten days he afflicted himself, and then waited again on Laozi, who said to him, 'You must purify yourself thoroughly! But from your symptoms of distress, and signs of impurity about you, I see there still seem to cling to you things that you dislike. When the fettering influences from without become numerous, and you try to seize them (you will find it a difficult task); the better plan is to bar your inner man against their entrance. And when the similar influences within get intertwined, it is a difficult task to grasp (and hold them in check); the better plan is to bar the outer door against their exit. Even a master of the Dao and its characteristics will not be able to control these two influences together, and how much less can one who is only a student of the Dao do so!'


南荣趎曰：“里人有病，里人问之，病者能言其病，然其病病者犹未病也。若趎之闻大道，譬犹饮药以加病也，趎愿闻卫生之经而已矣。”老子曰：“卫生之经，能抱一乎？能勿失乎？能无卜筮而知吉凶乎？能止乎？能已乎？能舍诸人而求诸己乎？能翛然乎？能侗然乎？能儿子乎？儿子终日嗥而嗌不嗄，和之至也；终日握而手不掜，共其德也；终日视而目不瞚，偏不在外也。行不知所之，居不知所为，与物委蛇，而同其波。是卫生之经已。”


Nan-rong Chu said, 'A certain villager got an illness, and when his neighbours asked about it, he was able to describe the malady, though it was one from which he had not suffered before. When I ask you about the Grand Dao, it seems to me like drinking medicine which (only serves to) increase my illness. I should like to hear from you about the regular method of guarding the life - that will be sufficient for me.' Laozi replied, '(You ask me about) the regular method of guarding the life - can you hold the One thing fast in your embrace? Can you keep from losing it? Can you know the lucky and the unlucky without having recourse to the tortoise-shell or the divining stalks? Can you rest (where you ought to rest)? Can you stop (when you have got enough)? Can you give over thinking of other men, and seek what you want in yourself (alone)? Can you flee (from the allurements of desire)? Can you maintain an entire simplicity? Can you become a little child? The child will cry all the day, without its throat becoming hoarse - so perfect is the harmony (of its physical constitution). It will keep its fingers closed all the day without relaxing their grasp - such is the concentration of its powers. It will keep its eyes fixed all day, without their moving - so is it unaffected by what is external to it. It walks it knows not whither; it rests where it is placed, it knows not why; it is calmly indifferent to things, and follows their current. This is the regular method of guarding the life.'
6
庚桑楚:
南荣趎曰：“然则是至人之德已乎？”曰：“非也。是乃所谓冰解冻释者能乎？夫至人者，相与交食乎地而交乐乎天，不以人物利害相撄，不相与为怪，不相与为谋，不相与为事，翛然而往，侗然而来。是谓卫生之经已。”曰：“然则是至乎？”曰：“未也。吾固告汝曰：‘能儿子乎？’儿子动不知所为，行不知所之，身若槁木之枝而心若死灰矣。若是者，祸亦不至，福亦不来。祸福无有，恶有人灾也？”

Geng-sang Chu:
Nan-rong Chu said, 'And are these all the characteristics of the Perfect man?' Laozi replied, 'No. These are what we call the breaking up of the ice, and the dissolving of the cold. The Perfect man, along with other men, gets his food from the earth, and derives his joy from his Heaven (-conferred nature). But he does not like them allow himself to be troubled by the consideration of advantage or injury coming from men and things; he does not like them do strange things, or form plans, or enter on undertakings; he flees from the allurements of desire, and pursues his way with an entire simplicity. Such is the way by which he guards his life.' 'And is this what constitutes his perfection ?' 'Not quite. I asked you whether you could become a little child. The little child moves unconscious of what it is doing, and walks unconscious of whither it is going. Its body is like the branch of a rotten tree, and its mind is like slaked lime. Being such, misery does not come to it, nor happiness. It has neither misery nor happiness - how can it suffer from the calamities incident to men?'
7
庚桑楚:
宇泰定者，发乎天光。发乎天光者，人见其人。人有修者，乃今有恒；有恒者，人舍之，天助之。人之所舍，谓之天民；天之所助，谓之天子。学者，学其所不能学也；行者，行其所不能行也；辩者，辩其所不能辩也。知止乎其所不能知，至矣。若有不即是者，天钧败之。

Geng-sang Chu:
He whose mind is thus grandly fixed emits a Heavenly light. In him who emits this heavenly light men see the (True) man. When a man has cultivated himself (up to this point), thenceforth he remains constant in himself. When he is thus constant in himself, (what is merely) the human element will leave him, but Heaven will help him. Those whom their human element has left we call the people of Heaven. Those whom Heaven helps we call the Sons of Heaven. Those who would by learning attain to this seek for what they cannot learn. Those who would by effort attain to this, attempt what effort can never effect. Those who aim by reasoning to reach it reason where reasoning has no place. To know to stop where they cannot arrive by means of knowledge is the highest attainment. Those who cannot do this will be destroyed on the lathe of Heaven.
8
庚桑楚:
备物以将形，藏不虞以生心，敬中以达彼，若是而万恶至者，皆天也，而非人也，不足以滑成，不可内于灵台。灵台者有持，而不知其所持，而不可持者也。不见其诚己而发，每发而不当，业入而不舍，每更为失。为不善乎显明之中者，人得而诛之；为不善乎幽闲之中者，鬼得而诛之。明乎人、明乎鬼者，然后能独行。

Geng-sang Chu:
Where things are all adjusted to maintain the body; where a provision against unforeseen dangers is kept up to maintain the life of the mind; where an inward reverence is cherished to be exhibited (in all intercourse) with others - where this is done, and yet all evils arrive, they are from Heaven, and not from the men themselves. They will not be sufficient to confound the established (virtue of the character), or be admitted into the Tower of Intelligence. That Tower has its Guardian, who acts unconsciously, and whose care will not be effective, if there be any conscious purpose in it. If one who has not this entire sincerity in himself make any outward demonstration, every such demonstration will be incorrect. The thing will enter into him, and not let go its hold. Then with every fresh demonstration there will be still greater failure. If he do what is not good in the light of open day, men will have the opportunity of punishing him; if he do it in darkness and secrecy, spirits will inflict the punishment. Let a man understand this: his relation both to men and spirits, and then he will do what is good in the solitude of himself.
9
庚桑楚:
券内者行乎无名，券外者志乎期费。行乎无名者，唯庸有光；志乎期费者，唯贾人也，人见其跂，犹之魁然。与物穷者，物入焉；与物且者，其身之不能容，焉能容人！不能容人者无亲，无亲者尽人。兵莫惨于志，镆鋣为下；寇莫大于阴阳，无所逃于天地之间。非阴阳贼之，心则使之也。

Geng-sang Chu:
He whose rule of life is in himself does not act for the sake of a name. He whose rule is outside himself has his will set on extensive acquisition. He who does not act for the sake of a name emits a light even in his ordinary conduct; he whose will is set on extensive acquisition is but a trafficker. Men see how he stands on tiptoe, while he thinks that he is overtopping others. Things enter (and take possession of) him who (tries to) make himself exhaustively (acquainted with them), while when one is indifferent to them, they do not find any lodgment in his person. And how can other men find such lodgment? But when one denies lodgment to men, there are none who feel attachment to him. In this condition he is cut off from other men. There is no weapon more deadly than the will - even Mo-ye was inferior to it. There is no robber greater than the Yin and Yang, from whom nothing can escape of all between heaven and earth. But it is not the Yin and Yang that play the robber - it is the mind that causes them to do so.
10
庚桑楚:
道通，其分也，其成也毁也。所恶乎分者，其分也以备；所以恶乎备者，其有以备。故出而不反，见其鬼；出而得，是谓得死。灭而有实，鬼之一也。以有形者象无形者而定矣。

Geng-sang Chu:
The Dao is to be found in the subdivisions (of its subject); (it is to be found) in that when complete, and when broken up. What I dislike in considering it as subdivided, is that the division leads to the multiplication of it - and what I dislike in that multiplication is that it leads to the (thought of) effort to secure it. Therefore when (a man) comes forth (and is born), if he did not return (to his previous non-existence), we should have (only) seen his ghost; when he comes forth and gets this (return), he dies (as we say). He is extinguished, and yet has a real existence: (this is another way of saying that in life we have) only man's ghost. By taking the material as an emblem of the immaterial do we arrive at a settlement of the case of man.
11
庚桑楚:
出无本，入无窍。有实而无乎处，有长而无乎本剽，有所出而无窍者有实。有实而无乎处者，宇也；有长而无本剽者，宙也。有乎生，有乎死，有乎出，有乎入，入出而无见其形，是谓天门。天门者，无有也，万物出乎无有。有不能以有为有，必出乎无有，而无有一无有。圣人藏乎是。

Geng-sang Chu:
He comes forth, but from no root; he reenters, but by no aperture. He has a real existence, but it has nothing to do with place; he has continuance, but it has nothing to do with beginning or end. He has a real existence, but it has nothing to do with place, such is his relation to space; he has continuance, but it has nothing to do with beginning or end, such is his relation to time; he has life; he has death; he comes forth; he enters; but we do not see his form - all this is what is called the door of Heaven. The door of Heaven is Non-Existence. All things come from non-existence. The (first) existences could not bring themselves into existence; they must have come from non-existence. And non-existence is just the same as non-existing. Herein is the secret of the sages.
12
庚桑楚:
古之人，其知有所至矣。恶乎至？有以为未始有物者，至矣尽矣，弗可以加矣。其次以为有物矣，将以生为丧也，以死为反也，是以分已。其次曰始无有，既而有生，生俄而死；以无有为首，以生为体，以死为尻。孰知有无死生之一守者，吾与之为友。是三者虽异，公族也，昭、景也，著戴也，甲氏也，著封也。非一也。

Geng-sang Chu:
Among the ancients there were those whose knowledge reached the extreme point. And what was that point? There were some who thought that in the beginning there was nothing. This was the extreme point, the completest reach of their knowledge, to which nothing could be added. Again, there were those who supposed that (in the beginning) there were existences, proceeding to consider life to be a (gradual) perishing, and death a returning (to the original state). And there they stopped, making, (however), a distinction between life and death. Once again there were those who said, 'In the beginning there was nothing; by and by there was life; and then in a little time life was succeeded by death. We hold that non-existence was the head, life the body, and death the os coccygis. But of those who acknowledge that existence and nonexistence, death and life, are all under the One Keeper, we are the friends.' Though those who maintained these three views were different, they were so as the different branches of the same ruling Family (of Chu) - the Zhaos and the Kings, bearing the surname of the lord whom they honoured as the author of their branch, and the Jias named from their appanage - (all one, yet seeming) not to be one.
13
庚桑楚:
有生，黬也，披然曰移是。尝言移是，非所言也。虽然，不可知者也。腊者之有膍胲，可散而不可散也；观室者周于寝庙，又适其偃焉，为是举移是。

Geng-sang Chu:
The possession of life is like the soot that collects under a boiler. When that is differently distributed, the life is spoken of as different. But to say that life is different in different lives, and better in one than in another, is an improper mode of speech. And yet there may be something here which we do not know. (As for instance), at the li sacrifice the paunch and the divided hoofs may be set forth on separate dishes, but they should not be considered as parts of different victims; (and again), when one is inspecting a house, he goes over it all, even the adytum for the shrines of the temple, and visits also the most private apartments; doing this, and setting a different estimate on the different parts.
14
庚桑楚:
请尝言移是。是以生为本，以知为师，因以乘是非；果有名实，因以己为质；使人以己为节，因以死偿节。若然者，以用为知，以不用为愚，以彻为名，以穷为辱。移是，今之人也，是蜩与学鸠同于同也。

Geng-sang Chu:
Let me try and speak of this method of apportioning one's approval: life is the fundamental consideration in it; knowledge is the instructor. From this they multiply their approvals and disapprovals, determining what is merely nominal and what is real. They go on to conclude that to themselves must the appeal be made in everything, and to try to make others adopt them as their model; prepared even to die to make good their views on every point. In this way they consider being employed in office as a mark of wisdom, and not being so employed as a mark of stupidity, success as entitling to fame, and the want of it as disgraceful. The men of the present day who follow this differentiating method are like the cicada and the little dove - there is no difference between them.
15
庚桑楚:
蹍市人之足，则辞以放骜，兄则以妪，大亲则已矣。故曰：至礼有不人，至义不物，至知不谋，至仁无亲，至信辟金。

Geng-sang Chu:
When one treads on the foot of another in the market-place, he apologises on the ground of the bustle. If an elder tread on his younger brother, he proceeds to comfort him; if a parent tread on a child, he says and does nothing. Hence it is said, 'The greatest politeness is to show no special respect to others; the greatest righteousness is to take no account of things; the greatest wisdom is to lay no plans; the greatest benevolence is to make no demonstration of affection; the greatest good faith is to give no pledge of sincerity.'
16
庚桑楚:
彻志之勃，解心之缪，去德之累，达道之塞。富、贵、显、严、名、利六者，勃志也；容、动、色、理、气、意六者，缪心也；恶、欲、喜、怒、哀、乐六者，累德也；去、就、取、与、知、能六者，塞道也。此四六者不荡胸中则正，正则静，静则明，明则虚，虚则无为而无不为也。

Geng-sang Chu:
Repress the impulses of the will; unravel the errors of the mind; put away the entanglements to virtue; and clear away all that obstructs the free course of the Dao. Honours and riches, distinctions and austerity, fame and profit; these six things produce the impulses of the will. Personal appearance and deportment, the desire of beauty and subtle reasonings, excitement of the breath and cherished thoughts; these six things produce errors of the mind. Hatred and longings, joy and anger, grief and delight; these six things are the entanglements to virtue. Refusals and approachments, receiving and giving, knowledge and ability; these six things obstruct the course of the Dao. When these four conditions, with the six causes of each, do not agitate the breast, the mind is correct. Being correct, it is still; being still, it is pellucid; being pellucid, it is free from pre-occupation; being free from pre-occupation, it is in the state of inaction, in which it accomplishes everything.
17
庚桑楚:
道者，德之钦也；生者，德之光也；性者，生之质也。性之动谓之为，为之伪谓之失。

Geng-sang Chu:
The Dao is the object of reverence to all the virtues. Life is what gives opportunity for the display of the virtues. The nature is the substantive character of the life. The movement of the nature is called action. When action becomes hypocritical, we say that it has lost (its proper attribute).


知者，接也；知者，谟也；知者之所不知，犹睨也。


The wise communicate with what is external to them and are always laying plans. This is what with all their wisdom they are not aware of - they look at things askance.


动以不得已之谓德，动无非我之谓治，名相反而实相顺也。


When the action (of the nature) is from external constraint, we have what is called virtue; when it is all one's own, we have what is called government. These two names seem to be opposite to each other, but in reality they are in mutual accord.
18
庚桑楚:
羿工乎中微而拙于使人无己誉，圣人工乎天而拙乎人。夫工乎天而俍乎人者，唯全人能之。

Geng-sang Chu:
Yi was skilful in hitting the minutest mark, but stupid in wishing men to go on praising him without end. The sage is skilful Heavenwards, but stupid manwards. It is only the complete man who can be both skilful Heavenwards and good manwards.


唯虫能虫，唯虫能天。全人恶天，恶人之天，而况吾天乎人乎！


Only an insect can play the insect, only an insect show the insect nature. Even the complete man hates the attempt to exemplify the nature of Heaven. He hates the manner in which men do so, and how much more would he hate the doing so by himself before men!


一雀适羿，羿必得之，威也；以天下为之笼，则雀无所逃。是故汤以胞人笼伊尹，秦穆公以五羊之皮笼百里奚。是故非以其所好笼之而可得者，无有也。


When a bird came in the way of Yi, he was sure to obtain it - such was his mastery with his bow. If all the world were to be made a cage, birds would have nowhere to escape to. Thus it was that Tang caged Yi Yin by making him his cook, and that duke Mu of Qin caged Bai-li Xi by giving the skins of five rams for him. But if you try to cage men by anything but what they like, you will never succeed.
19
庚桑楚:
介者拸画，外非誉也；胥靡登高而不惧，遗死生也。夫复謵不馈而忘人，忘人，因以为天人矣。故敬之而不喜，侮之而不怒者，唯同乎天和者为然。出怒不怒，则怒出于不怒矣；出为无为，则为出于无为矣。欲静则平气，欲神则顺心，有为也。欲当则缘于不得已，不得已之类，圣人之道。

Geng-sang Chu:
A man, one of whose feet has been cut off, discards ornamental (clothes) - his outward appearance will not admit of admiration. A criminal under sentence of death will ascend to any height without fear - he has ceased to think of life or death. When one persists in not reciprocating the gifts (of friendship), he forgets all others. Having forgotten all others, he may be considered as a Heaven-like man. Therefore when respect is shown to a man, and it awakens in him no joy, and when contempt awakens no anger, it is only one who shares in the Heaven-like harmony that can be thus. When he would display anger and yet is not angry, the anger comes out in that repression of it. When he would put forth action, and yet does not do so, the action is in that not-acting. Desiring to be quiescent, he must pacify all his emotions; desiring to be spirit-like, he must act in conformity with his mind. When action is required of him, he wishes that it may be right; and it then is under an inevitable constraint. Those who act according to that inevitable constraint pursue the way of the sage.
　徐无鬼 - Xu Wu-gui
1
徐无鬼:
徐无鬼因女商见魏武侯，武侯劳之曰：“先生病矣！苦于山林之劳，故乃肯见于寡人。”徐无鬼曰：“我则劳于君，君有何劳于我？君将盈耆欲，长好恶，则性命之情病矣；君将黜耆欲，掔好恶，则耳目病矣。我将劳君，君有何劳于我？”武侯超然不对。

Xu Wu-gui:
Xu Wu-gui having obtained through Nu Shang an introduction to the marquis Wu of Wei, the marquis, speaking to him with kindly sympathy, said, 'You are ill, Sir; you have suffered from your hard and laborious toils in the forests, and still you have been willing to come and see poor me.' Xu Wu-gui replied, 'It is I who have to comfort your lordship; what occasion have you to comfort me? If your lordship go on to fill up the measure of your sensual desires, and to prolong your likes and dislikes, then the condition of your mental nature will be diseased, and if you discourage and repress those desires, and deny your likings and dislikings, that will be an affliction to your ears and eyes (deprived of their accustomed pleasures) - it is for me to comfort your lordship, what occasion have you to comfort me?' The marquis looked contemptuous, and made no reply.


少焉，徐无鬼曰：“尝语君，吾相狗也。下之质，执饱而止，是狸德也；中之质，若视日；上之质，若亡其一。吾相狗，又不若吾相马也。吾相马，直者中绳，曲者中钩，方者中矩，圆者中规，是国马也，而未若天下马也。天下马有成材，若恤若失，若丧其一，若是者，超轶绝尘，不知其所。”武侯大悦而笑。


After a little time, Xu Wu-gui said, 'Let me tell your lordship something: I look at dogs and judge of them by their appearance. One of the lowest quality seizes his food, satiates himself, and stops - he has the attributes of a fox. One of a medium quality seems to be looking at the sun. One of the highest quality seems to have forgotten the one thing - himself. But I judge still better of horses than I do of dogs. When I do so, I find that one goes straight forward, as if following a line; that another turns off, so as to describe a hook; that a third describes a square as if following the measure so called; and that a fourth describes a circle as exactly as a compass would make it. These are all horses of a state; but they are not equal to a horse of the kingdom. His qualities are complete. Now he looks anxious; now to be losing the way; now to be forgetting himself. Such a horse prances along, or rushes on, spurning the dust and not knowing where he is.' The marquis was greatly pleased and laughed.


徐无鬼出，女商曰：“先生独何以说吾君乎？吾所以说吾君者，横说之则以《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》，从说之则以金板、六弢，奉事而大有功者不可为数，而吾君未尝启齿。今先生何以说吾君，使吾君说若此乎？”徐无鬼曰：“吾直告之吾相狗马耳。”女商曰：“若是乎”？曰：“子不闻夫越之流人乎？去国数日，见其所知而喜；去国旬月，见其所尝见于国中者喜；及期年也，见似人者而喜矣。不亦去人滋久，思人滋深乎！夫逃虚空者，藜、藋柱乎鼪、鼬之迳，踉位其空，闻人足音跫然而喜矣，而况乎兄弟亲戚之謦咳其侧者乎！久矣夫！莫以真人之言謦咳吾君之侧乎！”


When Xu Wu-gui came out, Nu Shang said to him, 'How was it, Sir, that you by your counsels produced such an effect on our ruler? In my counsellings of him, now indirectly, taking my subjects from the Books of Poetry, History, Rites, and Music; now directly, from the Metal Tablets, and the six Bow-cases, all calculated for the service (of the state), and to be of great benefit - in these counsellings, repeated times without number, I have never seen the ruler show his teeth in a smile: by what counsels have you made him so pleased to-day?' Xu Wu-gui replied, 'I only told him how I judged of dogs and horses by looking at their appearance.' 'So?' said Nu Shang, and the other rejoined, 'Have you not heard of the wanderer from Yue? When he had been gone from the state several days, he was glad when he saw any one whom he had seen in it; when he had been gone a month, he was glad when he saw any one whom he had known in it; and when he had been gone a round year, he was glad when he saw any one who looked like a native of it. The longer he was gone, the more longingly did he think of the people - was it not so? The men who withdraw to empty valleys, where the hellebore bushes stop up the little paths made by the weasels, as they push their way or stand amid the waste, are glad when they seem to hear the sounds of human footsteps; and how much more would they be so, if it were their brothers and relatives talking and laughing by their side! How long it is since the words of a True man were heard as he talked and laughed by our ruler's side!'
2
徐无鬼:
徐无鬼见武侯，武侯曰：“先生居山林，食芧栗，厌葱韭，以宾寡人，久矣夫！今老邪？其欲干酒肉之味邪？其寡人亦有社稷之福邪？”徐无鬼曰：“无鬼生于贫贱，未尝敢饮食君之酒肉，将来劳君也。”君曰：“何哉？奚劳寡人？”曰：“劳君之神与形。”武侯曰：“何谓邪？”徐无鬼曰：“天地之养也一，登高不可以为长，居下不可以为短。君独为万乘之主，以苦一国之民，以养耳目鼻口，夫神者不自许也。夫神者，好和而恶奸。夫奸，病也，故劳之。唯君所病之，何也？”

Xu Wu-gui:
At (another) interview of Xu Wu-gui with the marquis Wu, the latter said, 'You, Sir, have been dwelling in the forests for a long time, living on acorns and chestnuts, and satiating yourself with onions and chives, without thinking of poor me. Now (that you are here), is it because you are old? or because you wish to try again the taste of wine and meat? or because (you wish that) I may enjoy the happiness derived from the spirits of the altars of the Land and Grain?' Xu Wu-gui replied, 'I was born in a poor and mean condition, and have never presumed to drink of your lordship's wine, or eat of your meat. My object in coming was to comfort your lordship under your troubles.' 'What? comfort me under my troubles?' 'Yes, to comfort both your lordship's spirit and body.' The marquis said, 'What do you mean?' His visitor replied, 'Heaven and Earth have one and the same purpose in the production (of all men). However high one man be exalted, he should not think that he is favourably dealt with; and however low may be the position of another, he should not think that he is unfavourably dealt with. You are indeed the one and only lord of the 10,000 chariots (of your state), but you use your dignity to embitter (the lives of) all the people, and to pamper your ears, eyes, nose, and mouth. But your spirit does not acquiesce in this. The spirit (of man) loves to be in harmony with others and hates selfish indulgence'. This selfish indulgence is a disease, and therefore I would comfort you under it. How is it that your lordship more than others brings this disease on yourself?'


武侯曰：“欲见先生久矣。吾欲爱民而为义偃兵，可乎？”徐无鬼曰：“不可。爱民，害民之始也；为义偃兵，造兵之本也。君自此为之，则殆不成。凡成美，恶器也。君虽为仁义，几且伪哉！形固造形，成固有伐，变固外战。君必无盛鹤列于丽谯之间，无徒骥于锱坛之宫，无藏逆于得，无以巧胜人，无以谋胜人，无以战胜人。夫杀人之士民，兼人之土地，以养吾私与吾神者，其战不知孰善？胜之恶乎在？君若勿已矣，修胸中之诚，以应天地之情而勿撄。夫民死已脱矣，君将恶乎用夫偃兵哉！”


The marquis said, 'I have wished to see you, Sir, for a long time. I want to love my people, and by the exercise of righteousness to make an end of war - will that be sufficient?' Xu Wu-gui replied, 'By no means. To love the people is the first step to injure them. By the exercise of righteousness to make an end of war is the root from which war is produced. If your lordship try to accomplish your object in this way, you are not likely to succeed. All attempts to accomplish what we think good (with an ulterior end) is a bad contrivance. Although your lordship practise benevolence and righteousness (as you propose), it will be no better than hypocrisy. You may indeed assume the (outward) form, but successful accomplishment will lead to (inward) contention, and the change thence arising will produce outward fighting. Your lordship also must not mass files of soldiers in the passages of your galleries and towers, nor have footmen and horsemen in the apartments about your altars. Do not let thoughts contrary to your success lie hidden in your mind; do not think of conquering men by artifice, or by (skilful) plans, or by fighting. If I kill the officers and people of another state, and annex its territory, to satisfy my selfish desires, while in my spirit I do not know whether the fighting be good, where is the victory that I gain? Your lordship's best plan is to abandon (your purpose). If you will cultivate in your breast the sincere purpose (to love the people), and so respond to the feeling of Heaven and Earth, and not (further) vex yourself, then your people will already have escaped death - what occasion will your lordship have to make an end of war?'
3
徐无鬼:
黄帝将见大隗乎具茨之山，方明为御，昌宇骖乘，张若、謵朋前马，昆阍、滑稽后车。至于襄城之野，七圣皆迷，无所问涂。适遇牧马童子，问涂焉，曰：“若知具茨之山乎？”曰：“然。”“若知大隗之所存乎？”曰：“然。”黄帝曰：“异哉小童！非徒知具茨之山，又知大隗之所存。请问为天下。”小童曰：“夫为天下者，亦若此而已矣，又奚事焉？予少而自游于六合之内，予适有瞀病，有长者教予曰：‘若乘日之车，而游于襄城之野。’今予病少痊，予又且复游于六合之外。夫为天下，亦若此而已。予又奚事焉？”黄帝曰：“夫为天下者，则诚非吾子之事。虽然，请问为天下。”小童辞。黄帝又问。小童曰：“夫为天下者，亦奚以异乎牧马者哉？亦去其害马者而已矣。”黄帝再拜稽首，称天师而退。

Xu Wu-gui:
Huang-Di was going to see Da-gui at the hill of Ju-Zi. Fang Ming was acting as charioteer, and Chang Yu was occupying the third place in the carriage. Zhang Ruo and Xi Peng went before the horses; and Kun Hun and Gu Ji followed the carriage. When they arrived at the wild of Xiang-cheng, the seven sages were all perplexed, and could find no place at which to ask the way. just then they met with a boy tending some horses, and asked the way of him. 'Do you know,' they said, 'the hill of Ju-zi?' and he replied that he did. He also said that he knew where Da-gui was living. 'A strange boy is this!' said Huang-Di. 'He not only knows the hill of Ju-zi, but he also knows where Fa-gui is living. Let me ask him about the government of mankind.' The boy said, 'The administration of the kingdom is like this (which I am doing) - what difficulty should there be in it? When I was young, I enjoyed myself roaming over all within the six confines of the world of space, and then I began to suffer from indistinct sight. A wise elder taught me, saying, "Ride in the chariot of the sun, and roam in the wild of Xiang-cheng." Now the trouble in my eyes is a little better, and I am again enjoying myself roaming outside the six confines of the world of space. As to the government of the kingdom, it is like this (which I am doing) - what difficulty should there be in it?' Huang-Di said, 'The administration of the world is indeed not your business, my son; nevertheless, I beg to ask you about it.' The little lad declined to answer, but on Huang-Di putting the question again, he said, 'In what does the governor of the kingdom differ from him who has the tending of horses, and who has only to put away whatever in him would injure the horses?' Huang-Di bowed to him twice with his head to the ground, called him his 'Heavenly Master,' and withdrew.
4
徐无鬼:
知士无思虑之变则不乐，辩士无谈说之序则不乐，察士无淩谇之事则不乐，皆囿于物者也。招世之士兴朝，中民之士荣官，筋力之士矜难，勇敢之士奋患，兵革之士乐战，枯槁之士宿名，法律之士广治，礼教之士敬容，仁义之士贵际。农夫无草莱之事则不比，商贾无市井之事则不比。庶人有旦暮之业则劝，百工有器械之巧则壮。钱财不积则贪者忧，权势不尤则夸者悲。势物之徒乐变，遭时有所用，不能无为也。此皆顺比于岁，不物于易者也，驰其形性，潜之万物，终身不反，悲夫！

Xu Wu-gui:
If officers of wisdom do not see the changes which their anxious thinking has suggested, they have no joy; if debaters are not able to set forth their views in orderly style, they have no joy; if critical examiners find no subjects on which to exercise their powers of vituperation, they have no joy: they are all hampered by external restrictions.Those who try to attract the attention of their age (wish to) rise at court; those who try to win the regard of the people count holding office a glory; those who possess muscular strength boast of doing what is difficult; those who are bold and daring exert themselves in times of calamity; those who are able swordmen and spearmen delight in fighting; those whose powers are decayed seek to rest in the name (they have gained); those who are skilled in the laws seek to enlarge the scope of government; those who are proficient in ceremonies and music pay careful attention to their deportment; and those who profess benevolence and righteousness value opportunities (for displaying them).The husbandmen who do not keep their fields well weeded are not equal to their business, nor are traders who do not thrive in the markets. When the common people have their appropriate employment morning and evening, they stimulate one another to diligence; the mechanics who are masters of their implements feel strong for their work. If their wealth does not increase, the greedy are distressed; if their power and influence is not growing, the ambitious are sad.
5
徐无鬼:
庄子曰：“射者非前期而中，谓之善射，天下皆羿也，可乎？”惠子曰：“可。”庄子曰：“天下非有公是也，而各是其所是，天下皆尧也，可乎？”惠子曰：“可。”

Xu Wu-gui:
Zhuangzi said, 'An archer, without taking aim beforehand, yet may hit the mark. If we say that he is a good archer, and that all the world may be Yis, is this allowable?' Huizi replied, 'It is.' Zhuangzi continued, 'All men do not agree in counting the same thing to be right, but every one maintains his own view to be right; (if we say) that all men may be Yaos, is this allowable?' Huizi (again) replied, 'It is;'.


庄子曰：“然则，儒、墨、杨、秉四，与夫子为五，果孰是邪？或者若鲁遽者邪？其弟子曰：‘我得夫子之道矣，吾能冬爨鼎而夏造冰矣。’鲁遽曰：‘是直以阳召阳，以阴召阴，非吾所谓道也。吾示子乎吾道。’于是为之调瑟，废一于堂，废一于室，鼓宫宫动，鼓角角动，音律同矣。夫或改调一弦，于五音无当也，鼓之二十五弦皆动，未始异于声，而音之君已。且若是者邪？”


Zhuangzi went on, 'Very well; there are the literati, the followers of Mo (Di), of Yang (Zhu), and of Bing - making four (different schools). Including yourself, Master, there are five. Which of your views is really right? Or will you take the position of Lu Ju? One of his disciples said to him, "Master, I have got hold of your method. I can in winter heat the furnace under my tripod, and in summer can produce ice." Lu Ju said, "That is only with the Yang element to call out the same, and with the Yin to call out the yin - that is not my method. I will show you what my method is." On this he tuned two citherns, placing one of them in the hall, and the other in one of the inner apartments. Striking the note Gong in the one, the same note vibrated in the other, and so it was with the note Jiao; the two instruments being tuned in the same way. But if he had differently tuned them on other strings different from the normal arrangement of the five notes, the five-and-twenty strings would all have vibrated, without any difference of their notes, the note to which he had tuned them ruling and guiding all the others. Is your maintaining your view to be right just like this?'


惠子曰：“今夫儒、墨、杨、秉，且方与我以辩，相拂以辞，相镇以声，而未始吾非也，则奚若矣？”庄子曰：“齐人蹢子于宋者，其命阍也不以完，其求鈃锺也以束缚，其求唐子也而未始出域，有遗类矣夫！楚人寄而蹢阍者，夜半于无人之时而与舟人斗，未始离于岑，而足以造于怨也。”


Huizi replied, 'Here now are the literati, and the followers of Mo, Yang, and Bing. Suppose that they have come to dispute with me. They put forth their conflicting statements; they try vociferously to put me down; but none of them have ever proved me wrong: what do you say to this?' Zhuangzi said, 'There was a man of Qi who cast away his son in Sung to be a gatekeeper there, and thinking nothing of the mutilation he would incur; the same man, to secure one of his sacrificial vessels or bells, would have it strapped and secured, while to find his son who was lost, he would not go out of the territory of his own state: so forgetful was he of the relative importance of things. If a man of Qi, going to another state as a lame gate-keeper, at midnight, at a time when no one was nigh, were to fight with his boatman, he would not be abie to reach the shore, and he would have done what he could to provoke the boatman's animosity.'
6
徐无鬼:
庄子送葬，过惠子之墓，顾谓从者曰：“郢人垩慢其鼻端若蝇翼，使匠石斫之。匠石运斤成风，听而斫之，尽垩而鼻不伤，郢人立不失容。宋元君闻之，召匠石曰：‘尝试为寡人为之。’匠石曰：‘臣则尝能斫之。虽然，臣之质死久矣。’自夫子之死也，吾无以为质矣，吾无与言之矣。”

Xu Wu-gui:
As Zhuangzi was accompanying a funeral, when passing by the grave of Huizi, he looked round, and said to his attendants, 'On the top of the nose of that man of Ying there is a (little) bit of mud like a fly's wing.' He sent for the artisan Shi to cut it away. Shi whirled his axe so as to produce a wind, which immediately carried off the mud entirely, leaving the nose uninjured, and the (statue of) the man of Ying standing undisturbed. The ruler Yuan of Song heard of the feat, called the artisan Shi, and said to him, 'Try and do the same thing on me.' The artisan said, 'Your servant has been able to trim things in that way, but the material on which I have worked has been dead for a long time.' Zhuangzi said, 'Since the death of the Master, I have had no material to work upon. I have had no one with whom to talk.'
7
徐无鬼:
管仲有病，桓公问之曰：“仲父之病病矣，可不谓云，至于大病，则寡人恶乎属国而可？”管仲曰：“公谁欲与？”公曰：“鲍叔牙。”曰：“不可。其为人，洁廉善士也，其于不己若者不比之；又一闻人之过，终身不忘。使之治国，上且钩乎君，下且逆乎民。其得罪于君也，将弗久矣。”公曰：“然则孰可？”对曰：“勿已，则隰朋可。其为人也，上忘而下畔，愧不若黄帝而哀不己若者。以德分人谓之圣，以财分人谓之贤。以贤临人，未有得人者也；以贤下人，未有不得人者也。其于国有不闻也，其于家有不见也。勿已，则隰朋可。”

Xu Wu-gui:
Guan Zhong being ill, duke Huan went to ask for him, and said, 'Your illness, father Zhong, is very severe; should you not speak out your mind to me? Should this prove the great illness, to whom will it be best for me to entrust my State?' Guan Zhong said, 'To whom does your grace wish to entrust it?' 'To Bao Shu-ya,' was the reply. 'He will not do. He is an admirable officer, pure and incorruptible, but with others who are not like himself he will not associate. And when he once hears of another man's faults, he never forgets them. If you employ him to administer the state, above, he will take the leading of your Grace, and, below, he will come into collision with the people - in no long time you will be holding him as an offender.' The duke said, 'Who, then, is the man?' The reply was, 'If I must speak, there is Xi Peng - he will do. He is a man who forgets his own high position, and against whom those below him will not revolt. He is ashamed that he is not equal to Huang-Di, and pities those who are not equal to himself. Him who imparts of his virtue to others we call a sage; him who imparts of his wealth to others we call a man of worth. He who by his worth would preside over others, never succeeds in winning them; he who with his worth condescends to others, never but succeeds in winning them. Xi Peng has not been (much) heard of in the state; he has not been (much) distinguished in his own clan. But as I must speak, he is the man for you.'
8
徐无鬼:
吴王浮于江，登乎狙之山。众狙见之，恂然弃而走，逃于深蓁。有一狙焉，委蛇攫搔，见巧乎王王射之，敏给搏捷矢。王命相者趋射，狙执死。王顾谓其友颜不疑曰：“之狙也，伐其巧、恃其便，以敖予，以至此殛也。戒之哉！嗟乎，无以汝色骄人哉！”颜不疑归而师董梧，以助其色，去乐辞显，三年而国人称之。

Xu Wu-gui:
The king of Wu, floating about on the Jiang, (landed and) ascended the Hill of monkeys, which all, when they saw him, scampered off in terror, and hid themselves among the thick hazels. There was one, however, which, in an unconcerned way, swung about on the branches, displaying its cleverness to the king, who thereon discharged an arrow at it. With a nimble motion it caught the swift arrow, and the king ordered his attendants to hurry forward and shoot it; and thus the monkey was seized and killed. The king then, looking round, said to his friend Yan Bu-yi, 'This monkey made a display of its artfulness, and trusted in its agility, to show me its arrogance - this it was which brought it to this fate. Take warning from it. Ah! do not by your looks give yourself haughty airs!' Yan Bu-yi, when he returned home, put himself under the teaching of Dong Wu, to root up his pride. He put away what he delighted in and abjured distinction. In three years the people of the kingdom spoke of him with admiration.
9
徐无鬼:
南伯子綦隐几而坐，仰天而嘘。颜成子入见曰：“夫子，物之尤也。形固可使若槁骸，心固可使若死灰乎？”曰：“吾尝居山穴之中矣。当是时也，田禾一睹我，而齐国之众三贺之。我必先之，彼故知之；我必卖之，彼故鬻之。若我而不有之，彼恶得而知之？若我而不卖之，彼恶得而鬻之？嗟乎！我悲人之自丧者，吾又悲夫悲人者，吾又悲夫悲人之悲者，其后而日远矣。”

Xu Wu-gui:
Nan-bo Zi-qi was seated, leaning forward on his stool, and sighing gently as he looked up to heaven. (Just then) Yan Cheng-zi came in, and said, when he saw him, 'Master, you surpass all others. Is it right to make your body thus like a mass of withered bones, and your mind like so much slaked lime?' The other said, 'I formerly lived in a grotto on a hill. At that time Tian He once came to see me, and all the multitudes of Qi congratulated him thrice (on his having found the proper man). I must first have shown myself, and so it was that he knew me; I must first have been selling (what I had), and so it was that he came to buy. If I had not shown what I possessed, how should he have known it; if I had not been selling (myself), how should he have come to buy me? I pity the men who lose themselves; I also pity the men who pity others (for not being known); and I also pity the men who pity the men who pity those that pity others. But since then the time is long gone by; (and so I am in the state in which you have found me).
10
徐无鬼:
仲尼之楚，楚王觞之，孙叔敖执爵而立，市南宜僚受酒而祭曰：“古之人乎！于此言已。”曰：“丘也闻不言之言矣，未之尝言，于此乎言之。市南宜僚弄丸而两家之难解，孙叔敖甘寝秉羽而郢人投兵。丘愿有喙三尺。”

Xu Wu-gui:
Zhongni, having gone to Chu, the king ordered wine to be presented to him. Sun Shu-ao stood, holding the goblet in his hand. Yi-liao of Shi-nan, having received (a cup), poured its contents out as a sacrificial libation, and said, 'The men of old, on such an occasion as this, made some speech.' Zhongni said, 'I have heard of speech without words; but I have never spoken it; I will do so now. Yi-liao of Shi-nan kept (quietly) handling his little spheres, and the difficulties between the two Houses were resolved; Sun Shu-ao slept undisturbed on his couch, with his (dancer's) feather in his hand, and the men of Ying enrolled themselves for the war. I wish I had a beak three cubits long.'


彼之谓不道之道，此之谓不言之辩。故德总乎道之所一，而言休乎知之所不知，至矣。道之所一者，德不能同也；知之所不能知者，辩不能举也。名若儒、墨而凶矣。故海不辞东流，大之至也。圣人并包天地，泽及天下，而不知其谁氏。是故生无爵，死无諡，实不聚，名不立，此之谓大人。


In the case of those two (ministers) we have what is called 'The Way that cannot be trodden;' in (the case of Zhongni) we have what is called 'the Argument without words.' Therefore when all attributes are comprehended in the unity of the Dao, and speech stops at the point to which knowledge does not reach, the conduct is complete. But where there is (not) the unity of the Dao, the attributes cannot (always) be the same, and that which is beyond the reach of knowledge cannot be exhibited by any reasoning. There may be as many names as those employed by the Literati and the Mohists, but (the result is) evil. Thus when the sea does not reject the streams that flow into it in their eastward course, we have the perfection of greatness. The sage embraces in his regard both Heaven and Earth; his beneficent influence extends to all tinder the sky; and we do not know from whom it comes. Therefore though when living one may have no rank, and when dead no honorary epithet; though the reality (of what he is) may not be acknowledged and his name not established; we have in him what is called 'The Great Man.'


狗不以善吠为良，人不以善言为贤，而况为大乎！夫为大不足以为大，而况为德乎！夫大备矣，莫若天地；然奚求焉，而大备矣。知大备者，无求、无失、无弃，不以物易己也。反己而不穷，循古而不摩，大人之诚。


A dog is not reckoned good because it barks well; and a man is not reckoned wise because be speaks skilfully - how much less can he be deemed Great! If one thinks he is Great, he is not fit to be accounted Great - how much less is he so from the practice of the attributes (of the Dao)! Now none are so grandly complete as Heaven and Earth; but do they seek for anything to make them so grandly complete? He who knows this grand completion does not seek for it; he loses nothing and abandons nothing; he does not change himself from regard to (external) things; he turns in on himself, and finds there an inexhaustible store; he follows antiquity and does not feel about (for its lessons) - such is the perfect sincerity of the Great Man.
11
徐无鬼:
子綦有八子，陈诸前，召九方歅曰：“为我相吾子，孰为祥？”九方歅曰：“捆也为祥。”子綦瞿然喜曰：“奚若？”曰：“捆也将与国君同食以终其身。”子綦索然出涕曰：“吾子何为以至于是极也！”九方歅曰：“夫与国君同食，泽及三族，而况父母乎？今夫子闻之而泣，是御福也。子则祥矣，父则不祥。”

Xu Wu-gui:
Zi-qi had eight sons. Having arranged them before him, he called Jiu-fang Yin, and said to him, 'Look at the physiognomy of my sons for me - which will be the fortunate one?' Yan said, 'Kun is the fortunate one.' Zi-qi looked startled, and joyfully said, 'In what way?' Yin replied, 'Kun will share the meals of the ruler of a state to the end of his life.' The father looked uneasy, burst into tears, and said, 'What has my son done that he should come to such a fate?' Yin replied, 'When one shares the meals of the ruler of a state, blessings reach to all within the three branches of his kindred, and how much more to his father and mother! But you, Master, weep when you hear this - you oppose (the idea of) such happiness. It is the good fortune of your son, and you count it his misfortune.'


子綦曰：“歅！汝何足以识之？而捆祥邪，尽于酒肉，入于鼻口矣。而何足以知其所自来？吾未尝为牧而牂生于奥，未尝好田而鹑生于宎，若勿怪，何邪？吾所与吾子游者，游于天地。逍遥游也。吾与之邀乐于天，吾与之邀食于地；吾不与之为事，不与之为谋，不与之为怪；吾与之乘天地之诚而不以物与之相撄，吾与之一委蛇而不与之为事所宜。今也然有世俗之偿焉！凡有怪徵者，必有怪行。殆乎！非我与吾子之罪，几天与之也！吾是以泣也。”


Zi-qi said, '0 Yin, what sufficient ground have you for knowing that this will be Kun's good fortune? (The fortune) that is summed up in wine and flesh affects only the nose and the mouth, but you are not able to know how it will come about. I have never been a shepherd, and yet a ewe lambed in the south-west corner of my house. I have never been fond of hunting, and yet a quail hatched her young in the south-east corner. If these were not prodigies, what can be accounted such? Where I wish to occupy my mind with my son is in (the wide sphere of) heaven and earth; I wish to seek his enjoyment and mine in (the idea of) Heaven, and our support from the Earth. I do not mix myself up with him in the affairs (of the world); nor in forming plans (for his advantage); nor in the practice of what is strange. I pursue with him the perfect virtue of Heaven and Earth, and do not allow ourselves to be troubled by outward things. I seek to be with him in a state of undisturbed indifference, and not to practise what affairs might indicate as likely to be advantageous. And now there is to come to us this vulgar recompense. Whenever there is a strange realisation, there must have been strange conduct. Danger threatens - not through any sin of me or of my son, but as brought about, I apprehend, by Heaven. It is this which makes me weep!'


无几何而使捆之于燕，盗得之于道，全而鬻之则难，不若刖之则易，于是乎刖而鬻之于齐，适当渠公之街，然身食肉而终。


Not long after this, Zi-qi sent off Kun to go to Yan, when he was made prisoner by some robbers on the way. It would have been difficult to sell him if he were whole and entire, and they thought their easiest plan was to cut off (one of his) feet first. They did so, and sold him in Qi, where he became Inspector of roads for a Mr. Qu. Nevertheless he had flesh to eat till he died.
12
徐无鬼:
啮缺遇许由，曰：“子将奚之？”曰：“将逃尧。”曰：“奚谓邪？”曰：“夫尧，畜畜然仁，吾恐其为天下笑。后世其人与人相食与！夫民不难聚也，爱之则亲，利之则至，誉之则劝，致其所恶则散。爱利出乎仁义，捐仁义者寡，利仁义者众。夫仁义之行，唯且无诚，且假乎禽贪者器。是以一人之断制利天下，譬之犹一覕也。夫尧知贤人之利天下也，而不知其贼天下也，夫唯外乎贤者知之矣。”

Xu Wu-gui:
Nie Que met Xu You (on the way), and said to him, 'Where, Sir, are you going to?' 'I am fleeing from Yao,' was the reply. 'What do you mean?' 'Yao has become so bent on his benevolence that I am afraid the world will laugh at him, and that in future ages men will be found eating one another. Now the people are collected together without difficulty. Love them, and they respond with affection; benefit them, and they come to you; praise them, and they are stimulated (to please you); make them to experience what they dislike, and they disperse. When the loving and benefiting proceed from benevolence and righteousness, those who forget the benevolence and righteousness, and those who make a profit of them, are the many. In this way the practice of benevolence and righteousness comes to be without sincerity and is like a borrowing of the instruments with which men catch birds. In all this the one man's seeking to benefit the world by his decisions and enactments (of such a nature) is as if he were to cut through (the nature of all) by one operation - Yao knows how wise and superior men can benefit the world, but he does not also know how they injure it. It is only those who stand outside such men that know this.'
13
徐无鬼:
有暖姝者，有濡需者，有卷娄者。

Xu Wu-gui:
There are the pliable and weak; the easy and hasty; the grasping and crooked.


所谓暖姝者，学一先生之言，则暖暖姝姝而私自说也，自以为足矣，而未知未始有物也，是以谓暖姝者也。


Those who are called the pliable and weak learn the words of some one master, to which they freely yield their assent, being secretly pleased with themselves, and thinking that their knowledge is sufficient, while they do not know that they have not yet begun (to understand) a single thing. It is this which makes them so pliable and weak.


濡需者，豕虱是也。择疏鬣，自以为广宫大囿，奎蹄曲隈，乳闲股脚，自以为安室利处，不知屠者之一旦鼓臂、布草、操烟火，而己与豕俱焦也。此以域进，此以域退，此其所谓濡需者也。


The easy and hasty are like lice on a pig. The lice select a place where the bristles are more wide apart, and look on it as a great palace or a large park. The slits between the toes, the overlappings of its skin, about its nipples and its thighs - all these seem to them safe apartments and advantageous places - they do not know that the butcher one morning, swinging about his arms, will spread the grass, and kindle the fire, so that they and the pig will be roasted together. So do they appear and disappear with the place where they harboured: this is why they are called the easy and hasty.


卷娄者，舜也。羊肉不慕蚁，蚁慕羊肉，羊肉膻也。舜有膻行，百姓悦之，故三徙成都，至邓之虚而十有万家。尧闻舜之贤，举之童土之地，曰冀得其来之泽。舜举乎童土之地，年齿长矣，聪明衰矣，而不得休归，所谓卷娄者也。


Of the grasping and crooked we have an example in Shun. Mutton has no craving for ants, but ants have a craving for mutton, for it is rank. There was a rankness about the conduct of Shun, and the people were pleased with him. Hence when he thrice changed his residence, every one of them became a capital city. When he came to the wild of Tang, he had 100,000 families about him. Yao having heard of the virtue and ability of Shun, appointed him to a new and uncultivated territory, saying, 'I look forward to the benefit of his coming here.' When Shun was appointed to this new territory, his years were advanced, and his intelligence was decayed - and yet he could not find a place of rest or a home. This is an example of being grasping and wayward.


是以神人恶众至，众至则不比，不比则不利也。故无所甚亲，无所甚疏，抱德炀和，以顺天下，此谓真人。于蚁弃知，于鱼得计，于羊弃意。以目视目，以耳听耳，以心复心，若然者，其平也绳，其变也循。古之真人，以天待之，不以人入天。古之真人。


Therefore (in opposition to such) the spirit-like man dislikes the flocking of the multitudes to him. When the multitudes come, they do not agree; and when they do not agree, no benefit results from their coming. Hence there are none whom he brings very near to himself, and none whom he keeps at a great distance. He keeps his virtue in close embrace, and warmly nourishes (the spirit of) harmony, so as to be in accordance with all men. This is called the True man. Even the knowledge of the ant he puts away; his plans are simply those of the fishes; even the notions of the sheep he discards. His seeing is simply that of the eye; his hearing that of the ear; his mind is governed by its general exercises. Being such, his course is straight and level as if marked out by a line, and its every change is in accordance (with the circumstances of the case). The True men of old waited for the issues of events as the arrangements of Heaven, and did not by their human efforts try to take the place of Heaven.
14
徐无鬼:
得之也生，失之也死；得之也死，失之也生。药也，其实堇也。桔梗也，鸡壅也，豕零也，是时为帝者也，何可胜言！

Xu Wu-gui:
The True men of old (now) looked on success as life and on failure as death; and (now) on success as death and on failure as life. The operation of medicines will illustrate this: there are monk's-bane, the Jie-geng, the tribulus fruit, and china-root; each of these has the time and case for which it is supremely suitable; and all such plants and their suitabilities cannot be mentioned particularly.


句践也以甲楯三千，栖于会稽。唯种也能知亡之所以存，唯种也不知身之所以愁。故曰：鸱目有所适，鹤胫有所节，解之也悲。故曰：风之过河也有损焉，日之过河也有损焉。请只风与日相与守河，而河以为未始其撄也，恃源而往者也。故水之守土也审，影之守人也审，物之守物也审。


Gou-jian took his station on (the hill of) Gui-ji with 3,000 men with their buff-coats and shields: (his minister) Zhong knew how the ruined (Yue) might still be preserved, but the same man did not know the sad fate in store for himself. Hence it is said, 'The eye of the owl has its proper fitness; the leg of the crane has its proper limit, and to cut off any of it would distress (the bird).' Hence (also) it is (further) said, 'When the wind passes over it, the volume of the river is diminished, and so it is when the sun passes over it. But let the wind and sun keep a watch together on the river, and it will not begin to feel that they are doing it any injury: it relies on its springs and flows on.' Thus, water does its part to the ground with undeviating exactness; and so does the shadow to the substance; and one thing to another.


故目之于明也殆，耳之于聪也殆，心之于殉也殆。凡能其于府也殆，殆之成也不给改。祸之长也兹萃，其反也缘功，其果也待久。而人以为己宝，不亦悲乎！故有亡国戮民无已，不知问是也。


Therefore there is danger from the power of vision in the eyes, of hearing in the ears, and of the inordinate thinking of the mind; yea, there is danger from the exercise of every power of which man's constitution is the depository. When the danger has come to a head, it cannot be averted, and the calamity is perpetuated, and goes on increasing. The return from this (to a state of security) is the result of (great) effort, and success can be attained only after a long time; and yet men consider (their power of self-determination) as their precious possession: is it not sad? It is in this way that we have the ruin of states and the slaughtering of the people without end; while no one knows how to ask how it comes about.


故足之于地也践，虽践，恃其所不蹍而后善博也；人之于知也少，虽少，恃其所不知而后知天之所谓也。知大一，知大阴，知大目，知大均，知大方，知大信，知大定，至矣。大一通之，大阴解之，大目视之，大均缘之，大方体之，大信稽之，大定持之。


Therefore, the feet of man on the earth tread but on a small space, but going on to where he has not trod before, he traverses a great distance easily; so his knowledge is but small, but going on to what he does not already know, he comes to know what is meant by Heaven. He knows it as The Great Unity; The Great Mystery; The Great Illuminator; The Great Framer; The Great Boundlessness; The Great Truth; The Great Determiner. This makes his knowledge complete. As The Great Unity, he comprehends it; as The Great Mystery, he unfolds it; as the Great Illuminator, he contemplates it; as the Great Framer, it is to him the Cause of all; as the Great Boundlessness, all is to him its embodiment; as The Great Truth, he examines it; as The Great Determiner, he holds it fast.


尽有天，循有照，冥有枢，始有彼。则其解之也似不解之者，其知之也似不知之也，不知而后知之。其问之也，不可以有崖，而不可以无崖。颉滑有实，古今不代，而不可以亏，则可不谓有大扬搉乎！阖不亦问是已，奚惑然为！以不惑解惑，复于不惑，是尚大不惑。


Thus Heaven is to him all; accordance with it is the brightest intelligence. Obscurity has in this its pivot; in this is the beginning. Such being the case, the explanation of it is as if it were no explanation; the knowledge of it is as if it were no knowledge. (At first) he does not know it, but afterwards he comes to know it. In his inquiries, he must not set to himself any limits, and yet he cannot be without a limit. Now ascending, now descending, then slipping from the grasp, (the Dao) is yet a reality, unchanged now as in antiquity, and always without defect: may it not be called what is capable of the greatest display and expansion? Why should we not inquire into it? Why should we be perplexed about it? With what does not perplex let us explain what perplexes, till we cease to be perplexed. So may we arrive at a great freedom from all perplexity!
　则阳 - Ze-yang
1
则阳:
则阳游于楚，夷节言之于王，王未之见，夷节归。彭阳见王果曰：“夫子何不谭我于王？”王果曰：“我不若公阅休。”彭阳曰：“公阅休奚为者邪？”曰：“冬则擉鳖于江，夏则休乎山樊。有过而问者，曰：‘此予宅也。’夫夷节已不能，而况我乎！吾又不若夷节。夫夷节之为人也，无德而有知，不自许，以之神其交，固颠冥乎富贵之地，非相助以德，相助消也。夫冻者假衣于春，暍者反冬乎冷风。夫楚王之为人也，形尊而严，其于罪也，无赦如虎，非夫佞人、正德，其孰能挠焉！故圣人，其穷也使家人忘其贫，其达也使王公忘其爵禄而化卑。其于物也，与之为娱矣；其于人也，乐物之通而保己焉。故或不言而饮人以和，与人并立而使人化。父子之宜，彼其乎归居，而一闲其所施。其于人心者，若是其远也。故曰待公阅休。”

Ze-yang:
Ze-yang having travelled to Chu, Yi Jie spoke of him to the king, and then, before the king had granted him an interview, (left him, and) returned home. Ze-yang went to see Wang Guo, and said to him, 'Master, why do you not mention me to the king?' Wang Guo replied, 'I am not so good a person to do that as Gong-yue Xiu.' 'What sort of man is he?' asked the other, and the reply was, 'In winter he spears turtles in the Jiang, and in summer he rests in shady places on the mountain. When passers-by ask him (what he is doing there), he says, "This is my abode." Since Yi Jie was not able to induce the king to see you, how much less should I, who am not equal to him, be able to do so! Yi Jie's character is this: he has no (real) virtue, but he has knowledge. If you do not freely yield yourself to him, but employ him to carry on his spirit-like influence (with you), you will certainly get upset and benighted in the region of riches and honours. His help will not be of a Virtuous character, but will go to make your virtue less - it will be like heaping on clothes in spring as a protection against cold, or bringing back the cold winds of winter as a protection against heat (in summer). Now the king of Chu is of a domineering presence and stern. He has no forgiveness for offenders, but is merciless as a tiger. It is only a man of subtle speech, or one of correct virtue, who can bend him from his purpose.'But the sagely man, when he is left in obscurity, causes the members of his family to forget their poverty; and, when he gets forward to a position of influence, causes kings and dukes to forget their rank and emoluments, and transforms them to be humble. With the inferior creatures, he shares their pleasures, and they enjoy themselves the more; with other men, he rejoices in the fellowship of the Dao, and preserves it in himself. Therefore though he may not speak, he gives them to drink of the harmony (of his spirit). Standing in association with them, he transforms them till they become in their feeling towards him as sons with a father. His wish is to return to the solitude of his own mind, and this is the effect of his occasional intercourse with them. So far-reaching is his influence on the minds of men; and therefore I said to you. "Wait for Gong-yue Xi?."'
2
则阳:
圣人达绸缪，周尽一体矣，而不知其然，性也。复命摇作而以天为师，人则从而命之也。忧乎知而所行恒无几时，其有止也若之何？

Ze-yang:
The sage comprehends the connexions between himself and others, and how they all go to constitute him of one body with them, and he does not know how it is so - he naturally does so. In fulfilling his constitution, as acted on and acting, he (simply) follows the direction of Heaven; and it is in consequence of this that men style him (a sage). If he were troubled about (the insufficiency of) his knowledge, what he did would always be but small, and sometimes would be arrested altogether - how would he in this case be (the sage)?


生而美者，人与之鉴，不告则不知其美于人也。若知之，若不知之，若闻之，若不闻之，其可喜也终无已，人之好之亦无已，性也。圣人之爱人也，人与之名，不告则不知其爱人也。若知之，若不知之，若闻之，若不闻之，其爱人也终无已，人之安之亦无已，性也。


When (the sage) is born with all his excellence, it is other men who see it for him. If they did not tell him, he would not know that he was more excellent than others. And when he knows it, he is as if he did not know it; when he hears it, he is as if he did not hear it. His source of joy in it has no end, and men's admiration of him has no end - all this takes place naturally. The love of the sage for others receives its name from them. If they did not tell him of it, he would not know that he loved them; and when he knows it, he is as if he knew it not; when he hears it, he is as if he heard it not. His love of others never has an end, and their rest in him has also no end: all this takes place naturally.


旧国旧都，望之畅然；虽使丘陵草木之缗，入之者十九，犹之畅然。况见见闻闻者也？以十仞之台县众闲者也！


When one sees at a distance his old country and old city, he feels a joyous satisfaction. Though it be full of mounds and an overgrowth of trees and grass, and when he enters it he finds but a tenth part remaining, still he feels that satisfaction. How much more when he sees what he saw, and hears what he heard before! All this is to him like a tower eighty cubits high exhibited in the sight of all men.
3
则阳:
冉相氏得其环中以随成，与物无终无始，无几无时日。与物化者，一不化者也，阖尝舍之！夫师天而不得师天，与物皆殉，其以为事也若之何？夫圣人未始有天，未始有人，未始有始，未始有物，与世偕行而不替，所行之备而不洫，其合之也若之何？

Ze-yang:
(The sovereign) Ran-xiang was possessed of that central principle round which all things revolve, and by it he could follow them to their completion. His accompanying them had neither ending nor beginning, and was independent of impulse or time. Daily he witnessed their changes, and himself underwent no change; and why should he not have rested in this? If we (try to) adopt Heaven as our Master, we incapacitate ourselves from doing so. Such endeavour brings us under the power of things. If one acts in this way, what is to be said of him? The sage never thinks of Heaven nor of men. He does not think of taking the initiative, nor of anything external to himself. He moves along with his age, and does not vary or fail. Amid all the completeness of his doings, he is never exhausted. For those who wish to be in accord with him, what other course is there to pursue?


汤得其司御门尹登恒为之傅之，从师而不囿，得其随成；为之司其名之名，嬴法得其两见。仲尼之尽虑，为之傅之。


When Tang got one to hold for him the reins of government, namely, Men-yin Deng-heng, he employed him as his teacher. He followed his master, but did not allow himself to be hampered by him, and so he succeeded in following things to their completion. The master had the name; but that name was a superfluous addition to his laws, and the twofold character of his government was made apparent. Zhongni's 'Task your thoughts to the utmost' was his expression of the duties of a master.


容成氏曰：“除日无岁，无内无外。”


Rong-cheng said, 'Take the days away and there will be no year; without what is internal there will be nothing external.'
4
则阳:
魏莹与田侯牟约，田侯牟背之。魏莹怒，将使人刺之。

Ze-yang:
(King) Ying of Wei made a treaty with the marquis Tian Mou (of Qi), which the latter violated. The king was enraged, and intended to send a man to assassinate him.


犀首闻而耻之，曰：“君为万乘之君也，而以匹夫从雠！衍请受甲二十万，为君攻之，虏其人民，系其牛马，使其君内热发于背，然后拔其国。忌也出走，然后抶其背，折其脊。”


When the Minister of War heard of it, he was ashamed, and said (to the king), 'You are a ruler of 10,000 chariots, and by means of a common man would avenge yourself on your enemy. I beg you to give me, Yen, the command of 200,000 soldiers to attack him for you. I will take captive his people and officers, halter (and lead off) his oxen and horses, kindling a fire within him that shall burn to his backbone. I will then storm his capital; and when he shall run away in terror, I will flog his back and break his spine.'


季子闻而耻之，曰：“筑十仞之城，城者既十仞矣，则又坏之，此胥靡之所苦也。今兵不起七年矣，此王之基也。衍乱人，不可听也。”


Ji-zi heard of this advice, and was ashamed of it, and said (to the king), 'We have been raising the wall (of our capital) to a height of eighty cubits, and the work has been completed. If we now get it thrown down, it will be a painful toil to the convict builders. It is now seven years since our troops were called out, and this is the foundation of the royal sway. Yen would introduce disorder - he should not be listened to.'


华子闻而丑之，曰：“善言伐齐者，乱人也；善言勿伐者，亦乱人也；谓伐之与不伐乱人也者，又乱人也。”王曰：“然则若何？”曰：“君求其道而已矣。”


Hua-zi heard of this advice, and, greatly disapproving of it, said (to the king), 'He who shows his skill in saying "Attack Qi!" would produce disorder; and he who shows his skill in saying "Do not attack it " would also produce disorder. And one who should (merely) say, "The counsellors to attack Qi and not to attack it would both produce disorder," would himself also lead to the same result.' The king said, 'Yes, but what am I to do?' The reply was, 'You have only to seek for (the rule of) the Dao (on the subject).'


惠子闻之而见戴晋人。戴晋人曰：“有所谓蜗者，君知之乎？”曰：“然。”“有国于蜗之左角者曰触氏，有国于蜗之右角者曰蛮氏，时相与争地而战，伏尸数万，逐北旬有五日而后反。”君曰：“噫！其虚言与？”曰：“臣请为君实之。君以意在四方上下有穷乎？”君曰：“无穷。”曰：“知游心于无穷，而反在通达之国，若存若亡乎？”君曰：“然。”曰：“通达之中有魏，于魏中有梁，于梁中有王。王与蛮氏，有辩乎？”君曰：“无辩。”客出而君惝然若有亡也。


Huizi, having heard of this counsel, introduced to the king Dai Jin-ren, who said, 'There is the creature called a snail; does your majesty know it?' 'I do.' 'On the left horn of the snail there is a kingdom which is called Provocation, and on the right horn another which is called Stupidity. These two kingdoms are continually striving about their territories and fighting. The corpses that lie on the ground amount to several myriads. The army of one may be defeated and put to flight, but in fifteen days it will return.' The king said, 'Pooh! that is empty talk!' The other rejoined, 'Your servant begs to show your majesty its real significance. When your majesty thinks of space - east, west, north, and south, above and beneath - can you set any limit to it?' 'It is illimitable,' said the king; and his visitor went on, 'Your majesty knows how to let your mind thus travel through the illimitable, and yet (as compared with this) does it not seem insignificant whether the kingdoms that communicate one with another exist or not?' The king replies, 'It does so;' and Dai Jin-ren said, finally, 'Among those kingdoms, stretching one after another, there is this Wei; in Wei there is this (city of) Liang; and in Liang there is your majesty. Can you make any distinction between yourself, and (the king of that kingdom of) Stupidity?' To this the king answered, 'There is no distinction,' and his visitor went out, while the king remained disconcerted and seemed to have lost himself.


客出，惠子见。君曰：“客，大人也，圣人不足以当之。”惠子曰：“夫吹管也，犹有嗃也；吹剑首者，吷而已矣。尧、舜，人之所誉也；道尧、舜于戴晋人之前，譬犹一吷也。”


When the visitor was gone, Huizi came in and saw the king, who said, 'That stranger is a Great man. An (ordinary) sage is not equal to him.' Huizi replied, 'If you blow into a flute, there come out its pleasant notes; if you blow into a sword-hilt, there is nothing but a wheezing sound. Yao and Shun are the subjects of men's praises, but if you speak of them before Dai Jin-ran, there will be but the wheezing sound.'
5
则阳:
孔子之楚，舍于蚁丘之浆。其邻有夫妻臣妾登极者，子路曰：“是稯稯何为者邪？”仲尼曰：“是圣人仆也。是自埋于民，自藏于畔。其声销，其志无穷，其口虽言，其心未尝言，方且与世违而心不屑与之俱。是陆沈者也，是其市南宜僚邪？”子路请往召之。孔子曰：“已矣！彼知丘之著于己也，知丘之适楚也，以丘为必使楚王之召己也，彼且以丘为佞人也。夫若然者，其于佞人也羞闻其言，而况亲见其身乎！而何以为存？”子路往视之，其室虚矣。

Ze-yang:
Confucius, having gone to Chu, was lodging in the house of a seller of Congee at Ant-hill. On the roof of a neighbouring house there appeared the husband and his wife, with their servants, male and female. Zi-lu said, 'What are those people doing, collected there as we see them?' Zhongni replied, 'The man is a disciple of the sages. He is burying himself among the people, and hiding among the fields. Reputation has become little in his eyes, but there is no bound to his cherished aims. Though he may speak with his mouth, he never tells what is in his mind. Moreover, he is at variance with the age, and his mind disdains to associate with it - he is one who may be said to lie hid at the bottom of the water on the dry land. Is he not a sort of Yi Liao of Shi-nan?' Zi-lu asked leave to go and call him, but Confucius said, 'Stop. He knows that I understand him well. He knows that I am come to Chu, and thinks that I am sure to try and get the king to invite him (to court). He also thinks that I am a man swift to speak. Being such a man, he would feel ashamed to listen to the words of one of voluble and flattering tongue, and how much more to come himself and see his person! And why should we think that he will remain here?' Zi-lu, however, went to see how it was, but found the house empty.
6
则阳:
长梧封人问子牢曰：“君为政焉勿卤莽，治民焉勿灭裂。昔予为禾，耕而卤莽之，则其实亦卤莽而报予；芸而灭裂之，其实亦灭裂而报予。予来年变齐，深其耕而熟耰之，其禾蘩以滋，予终年厌飧。”庄子闻之曰：“今人之治其形，理其心，多有似封人之所谓：遁其天，离其性，灭其情，亡其神，以众为。故卤莽其性者，欲恶之孽，为性萑苇蒹葭，始萌以扶吾形，寻擢吾性，并溃漏发，不择所出，漂疽疥癕，内热溲膏是也。”

Ze-yang:
The Border-warden of Chang-wu, in questioning Zi-lao, said, 'Let not a ruler in the exercise of his government be (like the farmer) who leaves the clods unbroken, nor, in regulating his people, (like one) who recklessly plucks up the shoots. Formerly, in ploughing my corn-fields, I left the clods unbroken, and my recompense was in the rough 'unsatisfactory crops; and in weeding, I destroyed and tore up (many good plants), and my recompense was in the scantiness of my harvests. In subsequent years I changed my methods, ploughing deeply and carefully covering up the seed; and my harvests were rich and abundant, so that all the year I had more than I could eat.' When Zhuangzi heard of his remarks, he said, 'Now-a-days, most men, in attending to their bodies and regulating their minds, correspond to the description of the Border-warden. They hide from themselves their Heaven(-given being); they leave (all care of) their (proper) nature; they extinguish their (proper) feelings; and they leave their spirit to die: abandoning themselves to what is the general practice. Thus dealing with their nature like the farmer who is negligent of the clods in his soil, the illegitimate results of their likings and dislikings become their nature. The bushy sedges, reeds, and rushes, which seem at first to spring up to support our bodies, gradually eradicate our nature, and it becomes like a mass of running sores, ever liable to flow out, with scabs and ulcers, discharging in flowing matter from the internal heat. So indeed it is!'
7
则阳:
柏矩学于老聃，曰：“请之天下游。”老聃曰：“已矣！天下犹是也。”又请之，老聃曰：“汝将何始？”曰：“始于齐。”至齐，见辜人焉，推而强之，解朝服而幕之，号天而哭之曰：“子乎子乎！天下有大灾，子独先离之！”曰：“莫为盗！莫为杀人！荣辱立，然后睹所病；货财聚，然后睹所争。今立人之所病，聚人之所争，穷困人之身，使无休时，欲无至此，得乎！古之君人者，以得为在民，以失为在己；以正为在民，以枉为在己。故一形有失其形者，退而自责。今则不然。匿为物而愚不识，大为难而罪不敢，重为任而罚不胜，远其涂而诛不至。民知力竭，则以伪继之，日出多伪，士民安得不伪！夫力不足则伪，知不足则欺，财不足则盗。盗窃之行，于谁责而可乎？”

Ze-yang:
Bo Ju was studying with Lao Dan, and asked his leave to go and travel everywhere. Lao Dan said, 'Nay - elsewhere it is just as here.' He repeated his request, and then Lao Dan said, 'Where would you go first?' 'I would begin with Qi,' replied the disciple. 'Having got there, I would go to look at the criminals (who had been executed). With my arms I would raise (one of) them up and set him on his feet, and, taking off my court robes, I would cover him with them, appealing at the same time to Heaven and bewailing his lot, while I said, "My son, my son, you have been one of the first to suffer from the great calamities that afflict the world."' (Lao Dan) said, '(It is said), "Do not rob. Do not kill." (But) in the setting up of (the ideas of) glory and disgrace, we see the cause of those evils; in the accumulation of property and wealth, we see the causes of strife and contention. If now you set up the things against which men fret; if you accumulate what produces strife and contention among them; if you put their persons in such a state of distress, that they have no rest or ease, although you may wish that they should not come to the end of those (criminals), can your wish be realised?'The superior men (and rulers) of old considered that the success (of their government) was to be found in (the state of) the people, and its failure to be sought in themselves; that the right might be with the people, and the wrong in themselves. Thus it was that if but a single person lost his life, they retired and blamed themselves. Now, however, it is not so. (Rulers) conceal what they want done, and hold those who do not know it to be stupid; they require what is very difficult, and condemn those who do not dare to undertake it; they impose heavy burdens, and punish those who are unequal to them; they require men to go far, and put them to death when they cannot accomplish the distance. When the people know that the utmost of their strength will be insufficient, they follow it up with deceit. When (the rulers) daily exhibit much hypocrisy, how can the officers and people not be hypocritical? Insufficiency of strength produces hypocrisy; insufficiency of knowledge produces deception; insufficiency of means produces robbery. But in this case against whom ought the robbery and theft to be charged?'
8
则阳:
蘧伯玉行年六十而六十化，未尝不始于是之而卒诎之以非也，未知今之所谓是之非五十九年非也。万物有乎生而莫见其根，有乎出而莫见其门。人皆尊其知之所知，而莫知恃其知之所不知而后知，可不谓大疑乎！已乎已乎！且无所逃。此所谓然与，然乎？

Ze-yang:
When Qu Bo-yu was in his sixtieth year, his views became changed in the course of it. He had never before done anything but consider the views which he held to be right, but now he came to condemn them as wrong; he did not know that what he now called right was not what for fifty-nine years he had been calling wrong. All things have the life (which we know), but we do not see its root; they have their goings forth, but we do not know the door by which they depart. Men all honour that which lies within the sphere of their knowledge, but they do not know their dependence on what lies without that sphere which would be their (true) knowledge: may we not call their case one of great perplexity? Ah! Ah! there is no escaping from this dilemma. So it is! So it is!
9
则阳:
仲尼问于大史大弢、伯常骞、狶韦曰：“夫卫灵公饮酒湛乐，不听国家之政；田猎毕弋，不应诸侯之际。其所以为灵公者何邪？”大弢曰：“是因是也。”伯常骞曰：“夫灵公有妻三人，同滥而浴。史鰌奉御而进所，搏币而扶翼。其慢若彼之甚也，见贤人若此其肃也，是其所以为灵公也。”狶韦曰：“夫灵公也死，卜葬于故墓不吉，卜葬于沙丘而吉。掘之数仞，得石椁焉，洗而视之，有铭焉，曰：‘不冯其子，灵公夺而里之。’夫灵公之为灵也久矣，之二人何足以识之？”

Ze-yang:
Zhongni asked the Grand Historiographer Da Tao, (along with) Bo Chang-qian and Xi-wei, saying, 'Duke Ling of Wei was so addicted to drink, and abandoned to sensuality, that he did not attend to the government of his state. Occupied in his pursuit of hunting with his nets and bows, he kept aloof from the meetings of the princes. In what was it that he showed his title to the epithet of Ling?' Da Tao said, 'It was on account of those very things.' Bo Chang-qian said, 'Duke Ling had three mistresses with whom he used to bathe in the same tub. (Once, however), when Shi-qiu came to him with presents from the imperial court, he made his servants support the messenger in bearing the gifts. So dissolute was he in the former case, and when he saw a man of worth, thus reverent was he to him. It was on this account that he was styled "Duke Ling."' Xi-wei said, 'When duke Ling died, and they divined about burying him in the old tomb of his House, the answer was unfavourable; when they divined about burying him on Sha-qiu, the answer was favourable. Accordingly they dug there to the depth of several fathoms, and found a stone coffin. Having washed and inspected it, they discovered an inscription, which said,"This grave will not be available for your posterity;Duke Ling will appropriate it for himself"Thus that epithet of Ling had long been settled for the duke. But how should those two be able to know this?'
10
则阳:
少知问于大公调曰：“何谓丘里之言？”大公调曰：“丘里者，合十姓百名而以为风俗也。合异以为同，散同以为异。今指马之百体而不得马，而马系于前者，立其百体而谓之马也。是故丘山积卑而为高，江河合水而为大，大人合并而为公。是以自外入者，有主而不执；由中出者，有正而不距。四时殊气，天不赐，故岁成；五官殊职，君不私，故国治；文武大人不赐，故德备；万物殊理，道不私，故无名。无名故无为，无为而无不为。时有终始，世有变化，祸福淳淳，至有所拂者而有所宜；自殉殊面，有所正者有所差。比于大泽，百材皆度；观于大山，木石同坛。此之谓丘里之言。”

Ze-yang:
Shao Zhi asked Da-gong Diao, saying, 'What do we mean by "The Talk of the Hamlets and Villages?"' The reply was, 'Hamlets and Villages are formed by the union - say of ten surnames and a hundred names, and are considered to be (the source of) manners and customs. The differences between them are united to form their common character, and what is common to them is separately apportioned to form the differences. If you point to the various parts which make up the body of a horse, you do not have the horse; but when the horse is before you, and all its various parts stand forth (as forming the animal), you speak of "the horse." So it is that the mounds and hills are made to be the elevations that they are by accumulations of earth which individually are but low. (So also rivers like) the Kiang and the Ho obtain their greatness by the union of (other smaller) waters with them. And (in the same way) the Great man exhibits the common sentiment of humanity by the union in himself of all its individualities. Hence when ideas come to him from without, though he has his own decided view, he does not hold it with bigotry; and when he gives out his own decisions, which are correct, the views of others do not oppose them. The four seasons have their different elemental characters, but they are not the partial gifts of Heaven, and so the year completes its course. The five official departments have their different duties, but the ruler does not partially employ any one of them, and so the kingdom is governed. (The gifts of) peace and war (are different), but the Great man does not employ the one to the prejudice of the other, and so the character (of his administration) is perfect. All things have their different constitutions and modes of actions, but the Dao (which directs them) is free from all partiality, and therefore it has no name. Having no name, it therefore does nothing. Doing nothing, there is nothing which it does not do. Each season has its ending and beginning; each age has its changes and transformations; misery and happiness regularly alternate. Here our views are thwarted, and yet the result may afterwards have our approval; there we insist on our own views, and looking at things differently from others, try to correct them, while we are in error ourselves. The case may be compared to that of a great marsh, in which all its various vegetation finds a place, or we may look at it as a great hill, where trees and rocks are found on the same terrace. Such may be a description of what is intended by "The Talk of the Hamlets and Villages."'


少知曰：“然则谓之道，足乎？”大公调曰：“不然。今计物之数，不止于万，而期曰‘万物’者，以数之多者号而读之也。是故天地者，形之大者也；阴阳者，气之大者也；道者为之公。因其大而号以读之，则可也。已有之矣，乃将得比哉！则若以斯辩，譬犹狗马，其不及远矣。”


Shao Zhi said, 'Well, is it sufficient to call it (an expression of) the Dao?' Da-gong Diao said, 'It is not so. If we reckon up the number of things, they are not 10,000 merely. When we speak of them as "the Myriad Things," we simply use that large number by way of accommodation to denominate them. In this way Heaven and Earth are the greatest of all things that have form; the Yin and Yang are the greatest of all elemental forces. But the Dao is common to them. Because of their greatness to use the Dao or (Course) as a title and call it "the Great Dao" is allowable. But what comparison can be drawn between it and "the Talk of the Hamlets and Villages?" To argue from this that it is a sufficient expression of the Dao, is like calling a dog and a horse by the same name, while the difference between them is so great.'
11
则阳:
少知曰：“四方之内，六合之里，万物之所生恶起？”太公调曰：“阴阳相照、相盖、相治，四时相代、相生、相杀，欲恶去就于是桥起，雌雄片合于是庸有。安危相易，祸福相生，缓急相摩，聚散以成。此名实之可纪，精微之可志也。随序之相理，桥运之相使，穷则反，终则始。此物之所有，言之所尽，知之所至，极物而已。睹道之人，不随其所废，不原其所起，此议之所止。”

Ze-yang:
Shao Zhi said, 'Within the limits of the four cardinal points, and the six boundaries of space, how was it that there commenced the production of all things?' Da-gong Diao replied, 'The Yin and Yang reflected light on each other, covered each other, and regulated each the other; the four seasons gave place to one another, produced one another, and brought one another to an end. Likings and dislikings, the avoidings of this and movements towards that, then arose (in the things thus produced), in their definite distinctness; and from this came the separation and union of the male and female. Then were seen now security and now insecurity, in mutual change; misery and happiness produced each other; gentleness and urgency pressed on each other; the movements of collection and dispersion were established: these names and processes can be examined, and, however minute, can be recorded. The rules determining the order in which they follow one another, their mutual influence now acting directly and now revolving, how, when they are exhausted, they revive, and how they end and begin again; these are the properties belonging to things. Words can describe them and knowledge can reach to them; but with this ends all that can be said of things. Men who study the Dao do not follow on when these operations end, nor try to search out how they began: with this all discussion of them stops.'
12
则阳:
少知曰：“季真之莫为，接子之或使，二家之议，孰正于其情？孰偏于其理？”太公调曰：“鸡鸣狗吠，是人之所知，虽有大知，不能以言读其所自化，又不能以意其所将为。斯而析之，精至于无伦，大至于不可围，或之使，莫之为，未免于物而终以为过。或使则实，莫为则虚。有名有实，是物之居；无名无实，在物之虚。可言可意，言而愈疏。未生不可忌，已死不可阻。死生非远也，理不可睹。或之使，莫之为，疑之所假。吾观之本，其往无穷；吾求之末，其来无止。无穷、无止，言之无也，与物同理；或使、莫为，言之本也，与物终始。道不可有，有不可无。道之为名，所假而行。或使莫为，在物一曲，夫胡为于大方？言而足，则终日言而尽道；言而不足，则终日言而尽物。道、物之极，言、默不足以载；非言非默，议其有极。”

Ze-yang:
Shao Zhi said, 'Ji Zhen holds that (the Dao) forbids all action, and Jie-tsze holds that it may perhaps allow of influence. Which of the two is correct in his statements, and which is one-sided in his ruling?' Da-gong Diao replied, 'Cocks crow and dogs bark - this is what all men know. But men with the greatest wisdom cannot describe in words whence it is that they are formed (with such different voices), nor can they find out by thinking what they wish to do. We may refine on this small point; till it is so minute that there is no point to operate on, or it may become so great that there is no embracing it. "Some one caused it;" "No one did it;" but we are thus debating about things; and the end is that we shall find we are in error. "Some one caused it" - then there was a real Being. "No one did it" - then there was mere vacancy. To have a name and a real existence - that is the condition of a thing. Not to have a name, and not to have real being - that is vacancy and no thing. We may speak and we may think about it, but the more we speak, the wider shall we be of the mark. Birth, before it comes, cannot be prevented; death, when it has happened, cannot be traced farther. Death and life are not far apart; but why they have taken place cannot be seen. That some one has caused them, or that there has been no action in the case are but speculations of doubt. When I look for their origin, it goes back into infinity; when I look for their end, it proceeds without termination. Infinite, unceasing, there is no room for words about (the Dao). To regard it as in the category of things is the origin of the language that it is caused or that it is the result of doing nothing; but it would end as it began with things. The Dao cannot have a (real) existence; if it has, it cannot be made to appear as if it had not. The name Dao is a metaphor, used for the purpose of description. To say that it causes or does nothing is but to speak of one phase of things, and has nothing to do with the Great Subject. If words were sufficient for the purpose, in a day's time we might exhaust it; since they are not sufficient, we may speak all day, and only exhaust (the subject of) things. The Dao is the extreme to which things conduct us. Neither speech nor silence is sufficient to convey the notion of it. Neither by speech nor by silence can our thoughts about it have their highest expression.
　外物 - What comes from Without
1
外物:
外物不可必，故龙逢诛，比干戮，箕子狂，恶来死，桀、纣亡。人主莫不欲其臣之忠，而忠未必信，故伍员流于江，苌弘死于蜀，藏其血三年，化而为碧。人亲莫不欲其子之孝，而孝未必爱，故孝己忧而曾参悲。

What comes from Without:
What comes from without cannot be determined beforehand. So it was that Long-feng was killed; Bi-gan immolated; and the count of Ji (made to feign himself) mad, (while) Wu-lai died, and Jie and Zhou both perished. Rulers all wish their ministers to be faithful, but that faithfulness may not secure their confidence; hence Wu Yuan became a wanderer along the Jiang, and Chang Hong died in Shu, where (the people) preserved his blood for three years, when it became changed into green jade. Parents all wish their sons to be filial, but that filial duty may not secure their love; hence Xiao-ji had to endure his sorrow, and Zeng Shen his grief.


木与木相摩则然，金与火相守则流。阴阳错行，则天地大絯，于是乎有雷有霆，水中有火，乃焚大槐。有甚忧两陷而无所逃，螴蜳不得成，心若县于天地之间，慰睯沈屯，利害相摩，生火甚多，众人焚和。月固不胜火，于是乎有僓然而道尽。


When wood is rubbed against wood, it begins to burn; when metal is subjected to fire, it (melts and) flows. When the Yin and Yang act awry, heaven and earth are greatly perturbed; and on this comes the crash of thunder, and from the rain comes fire, which consumes great locust trees. (The case of men) is still worse. They are troubled between two pitfalls, from which they cannot escape. Chrysalis-like, they can accomplish nothing. Their minds are as if hung up between heaven and earth. Now comforted, now pitied, they are plunged in difficulties. The ideas of profit and of injury rub against each other, and produce in them a very great fire. The harmony (of the mind) is consumed in the mass of men. Their moonlike intelligence cannot overcome the (inward) fire. They thereupon fall away more and more, and the Course (which they should pursue) is altogether lost.
2
外物:
庄周家贫，故往贷粟于监河侯。监河侯曰：“诺。我将得邑金，将贷子三百金，可乎？”庄周忿然作色曰：“周昨来，有中道而呼者。周顾视车辙中，有鲋鱼焉。周问之曰：‘鲋鱼来！子何为者邪？’对曰：‘我，东海之波臣也。君岂有斗升之水而活我哉？’周曰：‘诺。我且南游吴、越之王，激西江之水而迎子，可乎？’鲋鱼忿然作色曰：‘吾失我常与，我无所处。吾得斗升之水然活耳，君乃言此，曾不如早索我于枯鱼之肆！’”

What comes from Without:
The family of Zhuang Zhou being poor, he went to ask the loan of some rice from the Marquis Superintendent of the He, who said, 'Yes, I shall be getting the (tax-) money from the people (soon), and I will then lend you three hundred ounces of silver - will that do?' Zhuang Zhou flushed with anger, and said, 'On the road yesterday, as I was coming here, I heard some one calling out. On looking round, I saw a goby in the carriage rut, and said to it, "Goby fish, what has brought you here?" The goby said, "I am Minister of Waves in the Eastern Sea. Have you, Sir, a gallon or a pint of water to keep me alive?" I replied, "Yes, I am going south to see the kings of Wu and Yue, and I will then lead a stream from the Western Kiang to meet you - will that do ?" The goby flushed with anger, and said, "I have lost my proper element, and I can here do nothing for myself; but if I could get a gallon or a pint of water, I should keep alive. Than do what you propose, you had better soon look for me in a stall of dry fish."'
3
外物:
任公子为大钩巨缁，五十犗以为饵，蹲乎会稽，投竿东海，旦旦而钓，期年不得鱼。已而大鱼食之，牵巨钩錎没而下，骛扬而奋鬐，白波若山，海水震荡，声侔鬼神，惮赫千里。任公子得若鱼，离而腊之，自制河以东，苍梧以北，莫不厌若鱼者。

What comes from Without:
A son of the duke of Ren, having provided himself with a great hook, a powerful black line, and fifty steers to be used as bait, squatted down on (mount) Gui Ji, and threw the line into the Eastern Sea. Morning after morning he angled thus, and for a whole year caught nothing. At the end of that time, a great fish swallowed the bait, and dived down, dragging the great hook with him. Then it rose to the surface in a flurry, and flapped with its fins, till the white waves rose like hills, and the waters were lashed into fury. The noise was like that of imps and spirits, and spread terror for a thousand li. The prince having got such a fish, cut it in slices and dried them. From the Zhi river to the east, and from Cang-wu to the north, there was not one who did not eat his full from that fish.


已而后世辁才讽说之徒，皆惊而相告也。夫揭竿累，趣灌渎，守鲵鲋，其于得大鱼难矣；饰小说以干县令，其于大达亦远矣。是以未尝闻任氏之风俗，其不可与经于世亦远矣。


In subsequent generations, story-tellers of small abilities have all repeated the story to one another with astonishment. (But) if the prince had taken his rod, with a fine line, and gone to pools and ditches, and watched for minnows and gobies, it would have been difficult for him to get a large fish. Those who dress up their small tales to obtain favour with the magistrates are far from being men of great understanding; and therefore one who has not heard the story of this scion of Zan is not fit to take any part in the government of the world - far is he from being so'.
4
外物:
儒以《诗》、《礼》发冢。大儒胪传曰：“东方作矣，事之何若？”小儒曰：“未解裙襦，口中有珠。《诗》固有之曰：‘青青之麦，生于陵陂。生不布施，死何含珠为？’接其鬓，压其顪，儒以金椎控其颐，徐别其颊，无伤口中珠！”

What comes from Without:
Some literati, students of the Odes and Ceremonies, were breaking open a mound over a grave. The superior among them spoke down to the others, 'Day is breaking in the east; how is the thing going on?' The younger men replied, 'We have not yet opened his jacket and skirt, but there is a pearl in the mouth. As it is said in the Ode,The bright, green grainIs growing on the sides of the mound.While living, he gave nothing away;Why, when dead, should he hold a pearl in his mouth?"' Thereupon they took hold of the whiskers and pulled at the beard, while the superior introduced a piece of fine steel into the chin, and gradually separated the jaws, so as not to injure the pearl in the mouth.
5
外物:
老莱子之弟子出薪，遇仲尼，反以告曰：“有人于彼，修上而趋下，末偻而后耳，视若营四海，不知其谁氏之子。”老莱子曰：“是丘也，召而来！”仲尼至。曰：“丘！去汝躬矜与汝容知，斯为君子矣。”仲尼揖而退，蹙然改容而问曰：“业可得进乎？”老莱子曰：“夫不忍一世之伤，而骜万世之患，抑固窭邪？亡其略弗及邪？惠以欢为骜，终身之丑，中民之行进焉耳，相引以名，相结以隐。与其誉尧而非桀，不如两忘而闭其所誉。反无非伤也，动无非邪也。圣人踌躇以兴事，以每成功。奈何哉其载焉终矜尔！”

What comes from Without:
A disciple of Lao Lai-zi, while he was out gathering firewood, met with Zhongni. On his return, he told (his master), saying, 'There is a man there, the upper part of whose body is long and the lower part short. He is slightly hump-backed, and his ears are far back. When you look at him, he seems occupied with the cares of all within the four seas; I do not know whose son he is.' Lao Lai-zi said, 'It is Qiu call him here;' and when Zhongni came, he said to him, 'Qiu, put away your personal conceit, and airs of wisdom, and show yourself to be indeed a superior man.' Zhongni bowed and was retiring, when he abruptly changed his manner, and asked, 'Will the object I am pursuing be thereby advanced?' Lao Lai-zi replied, 'You cannot bear the sufferings of this one age, and are stubbornly regardless of the evils of a myriad ages: is it that you purposely make yourself thus unhappy? or is it that you have not the ability to comprehend the case? Your obstinate purpose to make men rejoice in a participation of your joy is your life-long shame, the procedure of a mediocre man. You would lead men by your fame; you would bind them to you by your secret art. Than be praising Yao and condemning Jie, you had better forget them both, and shut up your tendency to praise. If you reflect on it, it does nothing but injury; your action in it is entirely wrong. The sage is full of anxiety and indecision in undertaking anything, and so he is always successful. But what shall I say of your conduct? To the end it is all affectation.'
6
外物:
宋元君夜半而梦人被发闚阿门，曰：“予自宰路之渊，予为清江使河伯之所，渔者余且得予。”元君觉，使人占之，曰：“此神龟也。”君曰：“渔者有余且乎？”左右曰：“有。”君曰：“令余且会朝。”明日，余且朝。君曰：“渔何得？”对曰：“且之网，得白龟焉，其圆五尺。”君曰：“献若之龟。”龟至，君再欲杀之，再欲活之，心疑，卜之，曰：“杀龟以卜，吉。”乃刳龟，七十二钻而无遗厕。

What comes from Without:
The ruler Yuan of Song (once) dreamt at midnight that a man with dishevelled hair peeped in on him at a side door and said, 'I was coming from the abyss of Zai-lu, commissioned by the Clear Jiang to go to the place of the Earl of the He; but the fisherman Yu Qie has caught me.' When the ruler Yuan awoke, he caused a diviner to divine the meaning (of the dream), and was told, 'This is a marvellous tortoise.' The ruler asked if among the fishermen there was one called Yu Qie, and being told by his attendants that there was, he gave orders that he should be summoned to court. Accordingly the man next day appeared at court, and the ruler said, 'What have you caught (lately) in fishing?' The reply was, 'I have caught in my net a white tortoise, sievelike, and five cubits round.' 'Present the prodigy here,' said the ruler; and, when it came, once and again he wished to kill it, once and again he wished to keep it alive. Doubting in his mind (what to do), he had recourse to divination, and obtained the answer, 'To kill the tortoise for use in divining will be fortunate.' Accordingly they cut the creature open, and perforated its shell in seventy-two places, and there was not a single divining slip which failed.


仲尼曰：“神龟能见梦于元君而不能避余且之网；知能七十二钻而无遗厕，不能避刳肠之患。如是，则知有所困，神有所不及也。虽有至知，万人谋之。鱼不畏网而畏鹈鹕。去小知而大知明，去善而自善矣。”婴儿生无石师而能言，与能言者处也。


Zhongni said, 'The spirit-like tortoise could show itself in a dream to the ruler Yuan, and yet it could not avoid the net of Yu Qie. Its wisdom could respond on seventy-two perforations without failing in a single divination, and yet it could not avoid the agony of having its bowels all scooped out. We see from this that wisdom is not without its perils, and spirit-like intelligence does not reach to everything. A man may have the greatest wisdom, but there are a myriad men scheming against him. Fishes do not fear the net, though they fear the pelican. Put away your small wisdom, and your great wisdom will be bright; discard your skilfulness, and you will become naturally skilful. A child when it is born needs no great master, and yet it becomes able to speak, living (as it does) among those who are able to speak.'
7
外物:
惠子谓庄子曰：“子言无用。”庄子曰：“知无用而始可与言用矣。夫地非不广且大也，人之所用容足耳。然则厕足而垫之，致黄泉，人尚有用乎？”惠子曰：“无用。”庄子曰：“然则无用之为用也亦明矣。”

What comes from Without:
Huizi said to Zhuangzi, 'You speak, Sir, of what is of no use.' The reply was, 'When a man knows what is not useful, you can then begin to speak to him of what is useful. The earth for instance is certainly spacious and great; but what a man uses of it is only sufficient ground for his feet. If, however, a rent were made by the side of his feet, down to the yellow springs, could the man still make use of it?' Huizi said, 'He could not use it,' and Zhuangzi rejoined, 'Then the usefulness of what is of no use is clear.'
8
外物:
庄子曰：“人有能游，且得不游乎？人而不能游，且得游乎？夫流遁之志，决绝之行，噫！其非至知厚德之任与！覆坠而不反，火驰而不顾，虽相与为君臣，时也，易世而无以相贱。故曰：至人不留行焉。夫尊古而卑今，学者之流也。且以豨韦氏之流观今之世，夫孰能不波？唯至人乃能游于世而不僻，彼教不学，承意不彼。

What comes from Without:
Zhuangzi said, 'If a man have the power to enjoy himself (in any pursuit), can he be kept from doing so? If he have not the power, can he so enjoy himself? There are those whose aim is bent on concealing themselves, and those who are determined that their doings shall leave no trace. Alas! they both shirk the obligations of perfect knowledge and great virtue. The (latter) fall, and cannot recover themselves; the (former) rush on like fire, and do not consider (what they are doing). Though men may stand to each other in the relation of ruler and minister, that is but for a time. In a changed age, the one of them would not be able to look down on the other. Hence it is said, "The Perfect man leaves no traces of his conduct." 'To honour antiquity and despise the present time is the characteristic of learners; but even the disciples of Khih-wei have to look at the present age; and who can avoid being carried along by its course? It is only the Perfect man who is able to enjoy himself in the world, and not be deflected from the right, to accommodate himself to others and not lose himself. He does not learn their lessons; he only takes their ideas into consideration, and does not discard them as different from his own.
9
外物:
目彻为明，耳彻为聪，鼻彻为颤，口彻为甘，心彻为知，知彻为德。凡道不欲壅，壅则哽，哽而不止则跈，跈则众害生。物之有知者恃息，其不殷，非天之罪。天之穿之，日夜无降，人则顾塞其窦。胞有重阆，心有天游。室无空虚，则妇姑勃溪；心无天游，则六凿相攘。大林丘山之善于人也，亦神者不胜。

What comes from Without:
'It is the penetrating eye that gives clear vision, the acute ear that gives quick hearing, the discriminating nose that gives discernment of odours, the practised mouth that gives the enjoyment of flavours, the active mind that acquires knowledge, and the far-reaching knowledge that constitutes virtue. In no case does the connexion with what is without like to be obstructed; obstruction produces stoppage; stoppage, continuing without intermission, arrests all progress; and with this all injurious effects spring up. The knowledge of all creatures depends on their breathing. But if their breath be not abundant, it is not the fault of Heaven, which tries to penetrate them with it, day and night without ceasing; but men notwithstanding shut their pores against it. The womb encloses a large and empty space; the heart has its spontaneous and enjoyable movements. If their apartment be not roomy, wife and mother-in-law will be bickering; if the heart have not its spontaneous and enjoyable movements, the six faculties of perception will be in mutual collision. That the great forests, the heights and hills, are pleasant to men, is because their spirits cannot overcome (those distracting influences).
10
外物:
德溢乎名，名溢乎暴，谋稽乎誸，知出乎争，柴生乎守，官事果乎众宜。春雨日时，草木怒生，铫耨于是乎始修，草木之到植者过半，而不知其然。

What comes from Without:
'Virtue overflows into (the love of) fame; (the love of) fame overflows into violence; schemes originate in the urgency (of circumstances); (the show of) wisdom comes from rivalry; the fuel (of strife) is produced from the obstinate maintenance (of one's own views); the business of offices should be apportioned in accordance with the approval of all. In spring, when the rain and the sunshine come seasonably, vegetation grows luxuriantly, and sickles and hoes begin to be prepared. More than half of what had fallen down becomes straight, and we do not know how.
11
外物:
静然可以补病，眦搣可以休老，宁可以止遽。虽然，若是，劳者之务也，非佚者之所未尝过而问焉。圣人之所以駴天下，神人未尝过而问焉；贤人所以駴世，圣人未尝过而问焉；君子所以駴国，贤人未尝过而问焉；小人所以合时，君子未尝过而问焉。

What comes from Without:
'Stillness and silence are helpful to those who are ill; rubbing the corners of the eyes is helpful to the aged; rest serves to calm agitation; but they are the toiled and troubled who have recourse to these things. Those who are at ease, and have not had such experiences, do not care to ask about them. The spirit-like man has had no experience of how it is that the sagely man keeps the world in awe, and so he does not inquire about it; the sagely man has had no experience of how it is that the man of ability and virtue keeps his age in awe, and so he does not inquire about it; the man of ability and virtue has had no experience of how it is that the superior man keeps his state in awe, and so he does not inquire about it. The superior man has had no experience of how it is that the small man keeps himself in agreement with his times that he should inquire about it.'
12
外物:
演门有亲死者，以善毁，爵为官师，其党人毁而死者半。尧与许由天下，许由逃之；汤与务光天下，务光怒之。纪他闻之，帅弟子而踆于窾水，诸侯吊之三年，申徒狄因以踣河。

What comes from Without:
The keeper of the Yan Gate, on the death of his father, showed so much skill in emaciating his person that he received the rank of 'Pattern for Officers.' Half the people of his neighbourhood (in consequence) carried their emaciation to such a point that they died. When Yao wished to resign the throne to Xu You, the latter ran away. When Thang offered his to Wu Guang, Wu Guang became angry. When Ji Ta heard it, he led his disciples, and withdrew to the river Kuan, where the feudal princes came and condoled with him, and after three years, Shen Tu-di threw himself into the water.
13
外物:
荃者所以在鱼，得鱼而忘荃；蹄者所以在兔，得兔而忘蹄；言者所以在意，得意而忘言。吾安得忘言之人而与之言哉？”

What comes from Without:
Fishing-stakes are employed to catch fish; but when the fish are got, the men forget the stakes. Snares are employed to catch hares, but when the hares are got, men forget the snares. Words are employed to convey ideas; but when the ideas are apprehended, men forget the words. Fain would I talk with such a man who has forgot the words!
　寓言 - Metaphorical Language
1
寓言:
寓言十九，重言十七，卮言日出，和以天倪。寓言十九，藉外论之。亲父不为其子媒。亲父誉之，不若非其父者也；非吾罪也，人之罪也。与己同则应，不与己同则反，同于己为是之，异于己为非之。重言十七，所以已言也，是为耆艾。年先矣，而无经纬本末以期年耆者，是非先也。人而无以先人，无人道也；人而无人道，是之谓陈人。

Metaphorical Language:
Of my sentences nine in ten are metaphorical; of my illustrations seven in ten are from valued writers. The rest of my words are like the water that daily fills the cup, tempered and harmonised by the Heavenly element in our nature.The nine sentences in ten which are metaphorical are borrowed from extraneous things to assist (the comprehension of) my argument. (When it is said, for instance), 'A father does not act the part of matchmaker for his own son,' (the meaning is that) 'it is better for another man to praise the son than for his father to do so.' The use of such metaphorical language is not my fault, but the fault of men (who would not otherwise readily understand me).Men assent to views which agree with their own, and oppose those which do not so agree. Those which agree with their own they hold to be right, and those which do not so agree they hold to be wrong. The seven out of ten illustrations taken from valued writers are designed to put an end to disputations. Those writers are the men of hoary eld, my predecessors in time. But such as are unversed in the warp and woof, the beginning and end of the subject, cannot be set down as of venerable eld, and regarded as the predecessors of others. If men have not that in them which fits them to precede others, they are without the way proper to man, and they who are without the way proper to man can only be pronounced defunct monuments of antiquity.


卮言日出，和以天倪，因以曼衍，所以穷年。不言则齐，齐与言不齐，言与齐不齐也，故曰无言。言无言，终身言，未尝言；终身不言，未尝不言。有自也而可，有自也而不可；有自也而然，有自也而不然。恶乎然？然于然。恶乎不然？不然于不然。恶乎可？可于可。恶乎不可？不可于不可。物固有所然，物固有所可，无物不然，无物不可。非卮言日出，和以天倪，孰得其久！万物皆种也，以不同形相禅，始卒若环，莫得其伦，是谓天均。天均者，天倪也。


Words like the water that daily issues from the cup, and are harmonised by the Heavenly Element (of our nature), may be carried on into the region of the unlimited, and employed to the end of our years. But without words there is an agreement (in principle). That agreement is not effected by words, and an agreement in words is not effected by it. Hence it is said, 'Let there be no words.' Speech does not need words. One may speak all his life, and not have spoken a (right) word; and one may not have spoken all his life, and yet all his life been giving utterance to the (right) words. There is that which makes a thing allowable, and that which makes a thing not allowable. There is that which makes a thing right, and that which makes a thing not right. How is a thing right? It is right because it is right. How is a thing wrong? It is wrong because it is wrong. How is a thing allowable? It is allowable because it is so. How is a thing not allowable? It is not allowable because it is not so. Things indeed have what makes them right, and what makes them allowable. There is nothing which has not its condition of right; nothing which has not its condition of allowability. But without the words of the (water-) cup in daily use, and harmonised by the Heavenly Element (in our nature), what one can continue long in the possession of these characteristics?All things are divided into their several classes, and succeed to one another in the same way, though of different bodily forms. They begin and end as in an unbroken ring, though how it is they do so be not apprehended. This is what is called the Lathe of Heaven; and the Lathe of Heaven is the Heavenly Element in our nature.
2
寓言:
庄子谓惠子曰：“孔子行年六十而六十化，始时所是，卒而非之，未知今之所谓是之非五十九年非也。”惠子曰：“孔子勤志服知也。”庄子曰：“孔子谢之矣，而其未之尝言。孔子云：‘夫受才乎大本，复灵以生。’鸣而当律，言而当法，利义陈乎前，而好恶是非直服人之口而已矣。使人乃以心服而不敢蘁立，定天下之定。已乎已乎！吾且不得及彼乎！”

Metaphorical Language:
Zhuangzi said to Huizi, 'When Confucius was in his sixtieth year, in that year his views changed. What he had before held to be right, he now ended by holding to be wrong; and he did not know whether the things which he now pronounced to be right were not those which he had for fifty-nine years held to be wrong.' Huizi replied, 'Confucius with an earnest will pursued the acquisition of knowledge, and acted accordingly.' Zhuangzi rejoined, 'Confucius disowned such a course, and never said that it was his. He said, "Man receives his powers from the Great Source (of his being), and he should restore them to their (original) intelligence in his life. His singing should be in accordance with the musical tubes, and his speech a model for imitation. When profit and righteousness are set before him, and his liking (for the latter) and dislike (of the former), his approval and disapproval, are manifested, that only serves to direct the speech of men (about him). To make men in heart submit, and not dare to stand up in opposition to him; to establish the fixed law for all under heaven: ah! ah! I have not attained to that."'
3
寓言:
曾子再仕而心再化，曰：“吾及亲仕，三釜而心乐；后仕，三千锺而不洎，吾心悲。”弟子问于仲尼曰：“若参者，可谓无所县其罪乎？”曰：“既已县矣。夫无所县者，可以有哀乎？彼视三釜、三千锺，如观雀蚊虻相过乎前也。”

Metaphorical Language:
Zeng-zi twice took office, and on the two occasions his state of mind was different. He said, 'While my parents were alive I took office, and though my emolument was only three fu (of grain), my mind was happy. Afterwards when I took office, my emolument was three thousand kung; but I could not share it with my parents, and my mind was sad.' The other disciples asked Zhongni, saying, 'Such an one as Shan may be pronounced free from all entanglement: is he to be blamed for feeling as he did?' The reply was, 'But he was subject to entanglement. If he had been free from it, could he have had that sadness? He would have looked on his three fu and three thousand zhng no more than on a heron or a mosquito passing before him.'
4
寓言:
颜成子游谓东郭子綦曰：自吾闻子之言，一年而野，二年而从，三年而通，四年而物，五年而来，六年而鬼入，七年而天成，八年而不知死、不知生，九年而大妙。

Metaphorical Language:
Yan Cheng Zi-you said to Dong-guo Zi-qi, 'When I (had begun to) hear your instructions, the first year, I continued a simple rustic; the second year, I became docile; the third year, I comprehended (your teaching); the fourth year, I was (plastic) as a thing; the fifth year, I made advances; the sixth year, the spirit entered (and dwelt in me); the seventh year, (my nature as designed by) Heaven was perfected; the eighth year, I knew no difference between death and life; the ninth year, I attained to the Great Mystery.


生有为，死也。劝公：以其死也，有自也；而生阳也，无自也。而果然乎？恶乎其所适？恶乎其所不适？天有历数，地有人据，吾恶乎求之？莫知其所终，若之何其无命也？莫知其所始，若之何其有命也？有以相应也，若之何其无鬼邪？无以相应也，若之何其有鬼邪？”


'Life has its work to do, and death ensues, (as if) the common character of each were a thing prescribed. Men consider that their death has its cause; but that life from (the operation of) the Yang has no cause. But is it really so? How does (the Yang) operate in this direction? Why does it not operate there? Heaven has its places and spaces which can be calculated; (the divisions of) the earth can be assigned bv men. But how shall we search for and find out (the conditions of the Great Mystery)? We do not know when and how (life) will end, but how shall we conclude that it is not determined (from without)? and as we do not know when and how it begins, how should we conclude that it is not (so) determined? In regard to the issues of conduct which we deem appropriate, how should we conclude that there are no spirits presiding over them; and where those issues seem inappropriate, how should we conclude that there are spirits presiding over them?'
5
寓言:
众罔两问于景曰：“若向也俯而今也仰，向也括而今被发，向也坐而今也起，向也行而今也止，何也？”景曰：“搜搜也，奚稍问也？予有而不知其所以。予，蜩甲也，蛇蜕也，似之而非也。火与日，吾屯也；阴与夜，吾代也。彼，吾所以有待邪？而况乎以有待者乎！彼来则我与之来，彼往则我与之往，彼强阳则我与之强阳。强阳者，又何以有问乎！”

Metaphorical Language:
The penumbrae (once) asked the shadow, saying, 'Formerly you were looking down, and now you are looking up; formerly you had your hair tied up, and now it is dishevelled; formerly you were sitting, and now you have risen up; formerly you were walking, and now you have stopped: how is all this?' The shadow said, 'Venerable Sirs, how do you ask me about such small matters? These things all belong to me, but I do not know how they do so. I am (like) the shell of a cicada or the cast-off skin of a snake - like them, and yet not like them. With light and the sun I make my appearance; with darkness and the night I fade away. Am not I dependent on the substance from which I am thrown? And that substance is itself dependent on something else! When it comes, I come with it; when it goes, I go with it. When it comes under the influence of the strong Yang, I come under the same. Since we are both produced by that strong Yang, what occasion is there for you to question me?'
6
寓言:
阳子居南之沛，老聃西游于秦，邀于郊，至于梁而遇老子。老子中道仰天而叹曰：“始以汝为可教，今不可也。”阳子居不答。至舍，进盥漱巾栉，脱屦户外，膝行而前曰：“向者弟子欲请夫子，夫子行不闲，是以不敢。今闲矣，请问其过。”老子曰：“而睢睢盱盱，而谁与居？大白若辱，盛德若不足。”阳子居蹴然变容曰：“敬闻命矣。”其往也，舍者迎将其家，公执席，妻执巾栉，舍者避席，炀者避灶。其反也，舍者与之争席矣。

Metaphorical Language:
Yang Zi-ju had gone South to Phei, while Lao Dan was travelling in the west in Khin. (He thereupon) asked (Lao-zi) to come to the border (of Pei), and went himself to Liang, where he met him. Laozi stood in the middle of the way, and, looking up to heaven, said with a sigh, 'At first I thought that you might be taught, but now I see that you cannot be.' Yang Zi-ju made no reply; and when they came to their lodging-house, he brought in water for the master to wash his hands and rinse his mouth, along with a towel and comb. He then took off his shoes outside the door, went forward on his knees, and said, 'Formerly, your disciple wished to ask you, Master, (the reason of what you said); but you were walking, and there was no opportunity, and therefore I did not presume to speak. Now there is an opportunity, and I beg to ask why you spoke as you did.' Laozi replied, 'Your eyes are lofty, and you stare - who would live with you? The purest carries himself as if he were soiled; the most virtuous seems to feel himself defective.' Yang Zi-ju looked abashed and changed countenance, saying, 'I receive your commands with reverence,'When he first went to the lodging-house, the people of it met him and went before him. The master of it carried his mat for him, and the mistress brought the towel and comb. The lodgers left their mats, and the cook his fire-place (as he passed them). When he went away, the others in the house would have striven with him about (the places for) their mats.
　让王 - Kings who have wished to resign the Throne
1
让王:
尧以天下让许由，许由不受。又让于子州支父，子州支父曰：“以为我天子，犹之可也。虽然，我适有幽忧之病，方且治之，未暇治天下也。”夫天下至重也，而不以害其生，又况他物乎！唯无以天下为者，可以托天下也。

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
Yao proposed to resign the throne to Xu You, who would not accept it. He then offered it to Zi-zhou Zhi-fu, but he said, 'It is not unreasonable to propose that I should occupy the throne, but I happen to be suffering under a painful sorrow and illness. While I am engaged in dealing with it, I have not leisure to govern the kingdom.' Now the throne is the most important of all positions, and yet this man would not occupy it to the injury of his life; how much less would he have allowed any other thing to do so! But only he who does not care to rule the kingdom is fit to be entrusted with it.


舜让天下于子州支伯，子州支伯曰：“予适有幽忧之病，方且治之，未暇治天下也。”故天下大器也，而不以易生，此有道者之所以异乎俗者也。


Shun proposed to resign the throne to Zi-zhou Zhi-bo, who declined in the very same terms as Zhi-fu had done. Now the kingdom is the greatest of all concerns, and yet this man would not give his life in exchange for the throne. This shows how they who possess the Dao differ from common men.


舜以天下让善卷，善卷曰：“余立于宇宙之中，冬日衣皮毛，夏日衣葛絺；春耕种，形足以劳动；秋收敛，身足以休息；日出而作，日入而息，逍遥于天地之间而心意自得。吾何以天下为哉？悲夫！子之不知余也！”遂不受。于是去而入深山，莫知其处。


Shun proposed to resign the throne to Shan Juan, who said, 'I am a unit in the midst of space and time. In winter I wear skins and furs; in summer, grass-cloth and linen; in spring I plough and sow, my strength being equal to the toil; in autumn I gather in my harvest, and am prepared to cease from labour and eat. At sunrise I get up and work; at sunset I rest. So do I enjoy myself between heaven and earth, and my mind is content: why should I have anything to do with the throne? Alas! that you, Sir, do not know me better!' Thereupon he declined the proffer, and went away, deep among the hills, no man knew where.


舜以天下让其友石户之农，石户之农曰：“卷卷乎后之为人，葆力之士也。”以舜之德为未至也，于是夫负妻戴，携子以入于海，终身不反也。


Shun proposed to resign the throne to his friend, a farmer of Shi-hu. The farmer, however, said (to himself), 'How full of vigor does our lord show himself, and how exuberant is his strength! If Shun with all his powers be not equal (to the task of government, how should I be so?).' On this he took his wife on his back, led his son by the hand, and went away to the sea-coast, from which to the end of his life he did not come back.
2
让王:
大王亶父居邠，狄人攻之。事之以皮帛而不受，事之以犬马而不受，事之以珠玉而不受，狄人之所求者土地也。大王亶父曰：“与人之兄居而杀其弟，与人之父居而杀其子，吾不忍也。子皆勉居矣！为吾臣与为狄人臣，奚以异？且吾闻之，不以所用养害所养。”因杖厕而去之。民相连而从之，遂成国于岐山之下。夫大王亶父可谓能尊生矣。能尊生者，虽贵富不以养伤身，虽贫贱不以利累形。今世之人，居高官尊爵者，皆重失之，见利轻亡其身，岂不惑哉！

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
When Dai-wang Dan-fu was dwelling in Bin, the wild tribes of the North attacked him. He tried to serve them with skins and silks, but they were not satisfied. He tried to serve them with dogs and horses, but they were not satisfied, and then with pearls and jade, but they were not satisfied. What they sought was his territory. Dai-wang Dan-fu said (to his people), 'To dwell with the elder brother and cause the younger brother to be killed, or with the father and cause the son to be killed,-- this is what I cannot bear to do. Make an effort, my children, to remain here. What difference is there between being my subjects, or the subjects of those wild people? And I have heard that a man does not use that which he employs for nourishing his people to injure them.' Thereupon he took his staff and switch and left, but the people followed him in an unbroken train, and he established a (new) state at the foot of mount Qi. Thus Dai-wang Dan-fu might be pronounced one who could give its (due) honour to life. Those who are able to do so, though they may be rich and noble, will not, for that which nourishes them, injure their persons; and though they may be poor and mean, will not, for the sake of gain, involve their bodies (in danger). The men of the present age who occupy high offices and are of honourable rank all lose these (advantages) again, and in the prospect of gain lightly expose their persons to ruin: is it not a case of delusion?
3
让王:
越人三世弑其君，王子搜患之，逃乎丹穴。而越国无君，求王子搜不得，从之丹穴。王子搜不肯出，越人薰之以艾，乘以王舆。王子搜援绥登车，仰天而呼曰：“君乎君乎！独不可以舍我乎！”王子搜非恶为君也，恶为君之患也。若王子搜者，可谓不以国伤生矣，此固越人之所欲得为君也。

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
The people of Yue three times in succession killed their ruler, and the prince Sou, distressed by it, made his escape to the caves of Dan, so that Yue was left without a ruler. The people sought for the prince, but could not find him, till (at last) they followed him to the cave of Dan. The prince was not willing to come out to them, but they smoked him out with moxa, and made him mount the royal chariot. As he took hold of the strap, and mounted the carriage, he looked up to heaven, and called out, '0 Ruler, 0 Ruler, could you not have spared me this?' Prince Sou did not dislike being ruler - he disliked the evil inseparable from being so. It may be said of him that he would not for the sake of a kingdom endanger his life; and this indeed was the reason why the people of Yue wanted to get him for their ruler.
4
让王:
韩、魏相与争侵地。子华子见昭僖侯，昭僖侯有忧色。子华子曰：“今使天下书铭于君之前，书之言曰：‘左手攫之则右手废，右手攫之则左手废，然而攫之者必有天下。’君能攫之乎？”昭僖侯曰：“寡人不攫也。”子华子曰：“甚善！自是观之，两臂重于天下也，身亦重于两臂。韩之轻于天下亦远矣，今之所争者，其轻于韩又远。君固愁身伤生以忧戚不得也！”僖侯曰：“善哉！教寡人者众矣，未尝得闻此言也。”子华子可谓知轻重矣。

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
Han and Wei were contending about some territory which one of them had wrested from the other. Zi-hua Zi went to see the marquis Zhao-xi (of Han), and, finding him looking sorrowful, said, 'Suppose now that all the states were to sign an agreement before you to the effect that "Whoever should with his left hand carry off (the territory in dispute) should lose his right hand, and whoever should do so with his right hand should lose his left hand, but that, nevertheless, he who should carry it off was sure to obtain the whole kingdom;" would your lordship feel yourself able to carry it off?' The marquis said, 'I would not carry it off,' and Zi-hua rejoined, 'Very good. Looking at the thing from this point of view, your two arms are of more value to you than the whole kingdom. But your body is of more value than your two arms, and Han is of much less value than the whole kingdom. The territory for which you are now contending is further much less important than Han: your lordship, since you feel so much concern for your body, should not be endangering your life by indulging your sorrow.' The marquis Zhao-xi said, 'Good! Many have given me their counsel about this matter; but I never heard what you have said.' Zi-hua Zi may be said to have known well what was of great importance and what was of little.
5
让王:
鲁君闻颜阖得道之人也，使人以币先焉。颜阖守陋闾，苴布之衣而自饭牛。鲁君之使者至，颜阖自对之。使者曰：“此颜阖之家与？”颜阖对曰：“此阖之家也。”使者致币，颜阖曰：“恐听者谬而遗使者罪，不若审之。”使者还，反审之，复来求之，则不得已。故若颜阖者，真恶富贵也。

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
The ruler of Lu, having heard that Yan He had attained to the Dao, sent a messenger, with a gift of silks, to prepare the way for further communication with him. Yan He was waiting at the door of a mean house, in a dress of coarse hempen cloth, and himself feeding a cowl. When the messenger arrived, Yan He himself confronted him. 'Is this,' said the messenger, 'the house of Yan He?' 'It is,' was the reply; and the other was presenting the silks to him, when he said, 'I am afraid you heard (your instructions) wrongly, and that he who sent you will blame you. You had better make sure.' The messenger on this returned, and made sure that he was right; but when he came back, and sought for Yan He, he was not to be found.
6
让王:
故曰：道之真以治身，其绪馀以为国家，其土苴以治天下。由此观之，帝王之功，圣人之馀事也，非所以完身养生也。今世俗之君子，多为身弃生以殉物，岂不悲哉！凡圣人之动作也，必察其所以之，与其所以为。今且有人于此，以随侯之珠弹千仞之雀，世必笑之。是何也？则其所用者重而所要者轻也。夫生者，岂特随侯之重哉！

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
Yes; men like Yan He do of a truth dislike riches and honours. Hence it is said, 'The true object of the Dao is the regulation of the person. Quite subordinate to this is its use in the management of the state and the clan; while the government of the kingdom is but the dust and refuse of it.' From this we may see that the services of the Dis and Kings are but a surplusage of the work of the sages, and do not contribute to complete the person or nourish the life. Yet the superior men of the present age will, most of them, throw away their lives for the sake of their persons, in pursuing their (material) objects - is it not cause for grief? Whenever a sage is initiating any movement, he is sure to examine the motive which influences him, and what he is about to do. Here, however, is a man, who uses a pearl like that of the marquis of Sui to shoot a bird at a distance of 10,000 feet. All men will laugh at him; and why? Because the thing which he uses is of great value, and what he wishes to get is of little. And is not life of more value than the pearl of the marquis of Sui?
7
让王:
子列子穷，容貌有饥色。客有言之于郑子阳者曰：“列御寇，盖有道之士也，居君之国而穷，君无乃为不好士乎？”郑子阳即令官遗之粟。子列子见使者，再拜而辞。使者去，子列子入，其妻望之而拊心曰：“妾闻为有道者之妻子，皆得佚乐，今有饥色。君过而遗先生食，先生不受，岂不命邪！”子列子笑谓之曰：“君非自知我也。以人之言而遗我粟，至其罪我也，又且以人之言。此吾所以不受也。”其卒，民果作难而杀子阳。

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
Zi Liezi was reduced to extreme poverty, and his person had a hungry look. A visitor mentioned the case to Zi-yang, (the premier) of Kang, saying, 'Lieh Yu-kou, I believe, is a scholar who has attained to the Dao. Is it because our ruler does not love (such) scholars, that he should be living in his state in such poverty?' Zi-yang immediately ordered an officer to send to him a supply of grain. When Liezi saw the messenger, he bowed to him twice, and declined the gift, on which the messenger went away. On Liezi's going into the house, his wife looked to him and beat her breast, saying, 'I have heard that the wife and children of a possessor of the Dao all enjoy plenty and ease, but now we look starved. The ruler has seen his error, and sent you a present of food, but you would not receive it - is it appointed (for us to suffer thus)?' Zi Liezi laughed and said to her, 'The ruler does not himself know me. Because of what some one said to him, he sent me the grain; but if another speak (differently) of me to him, he may look on me as a criminal. This was why I did not receive the grain! In the end it did come about, that the people, on an occasion of trouble and disorder, put Zi-yang to death.
8
让王:
楚昭王失国，屠羊说走而从于昭王。昭王反国，将赏从者，及屠羊说。屠羊说曰：“大王失国，说失屠羊；大王反国，说亦反屠羊。臣之爵禄已复矣，又何赏之言？”王曰：“强之！”屠羊说曰：“大王失国，非臣之罪，故不敢伏其诛；大王反国，非臣之功，故不敢当其赏。”王曰：“见之！”屠羊说曰：“楚国之法，必有重赏大功而后得见。今臣之知不足以存国，而勇不足以死寇。吴军入郢，说畏难而避寇，非故随大王也。今大王欲废法毁约而见说，此非臣之所以闻于天下也。”王谓司马子綦曰：“屠羊说居处卑贱而陈义甚高，子綦为我延之以三旌之位。”屠羊说曰：“夫三旌之位，吾知其贵于屠羊之肆也；万锺之禄，吾知其富于屠羊之利也。然岂可以食爵禄而使吾君有妄施之名乎！说不敢当，愿复反吾屠羊之肆。”遂不受也。

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
When king Zhao of Chu lost his kingdom, the sheep-butcher Yue followed him in his flight. When the king (recovered) his kingdom and returned to it, and was going to reward those who had followed him, on coming to the sheep-butcher Yue, that personage said, 'When our Great King lost his kingdom, I lost my sheep-killing. When his majesty got back his kingdom, I also got back my sheep-killing. My income and rank have been recovered; why speak further of rewarding me?' The king, (on hearing of this reply), said, 'Force him (to take the reward);' but Yue said, 'It was not through any crime of mine that the king lost his kingdom, and therefore I did not dare to submit to the death (which would have been mine if I had remained in the capital). And it was not through any service of mine that he recovered his kingdom, and therefore I do not dare to count myself worthy of any reward from him.'The king (now) asked that the butcher should be introduced to him, but Yue said, 'According to the law of Chu, great reward ought to be given to great service, and the recipient then be introduced to the king; but now my wisdom was not sufficient to preserve the kingdom, nor my courage sufficient to die at the hands of the invaders. When the army of Wu entered, I was afraid of the danger, and got out of the way of the thieves - it was not with a distinct purpose (of loyalty) that I followed the king. And now he wishes, in disregard of the law, and violations of the conditions of our social compact, to see me in court - this is not what I would like to be talked of through the kingdom.' The king said to Zi-qi, the Minister of War, 'The position of the sheep-butcher Yue is low and mean, but his setting forth of what is right is very high; do you ask him for me to accept the place of one of my three most distinguished nobles.' (This being communicated to Yue), he said, 'I know that the place of such a distinguished noble is nobler than a sheep-butcher's stall, and that the salary of 10,000 zhong is more than its profits. But how should I, through my greed of rank and emolument, bring on our ruler the name of an unlawful dispensation of his gifts? I dare not respond to your wishes, but desire to return to my stall as the sheep-butcher.' Accordingly he did not accept (the proffered reward).
9
让王:
原宪居鲁，环堵之室，茨以生草，蓬户不完，桑以为枢而瓮牖，二室，褐以为塞，上漏下湿，匡坐而弦。子贡乘大马，中绀而表素，轩车不容巷，往见原宪。原宪华冠縰履，杖藜而应门。子贡曰：“嘻！先生何病？”原宪应之曰：“宪闻之：‘无财谓之贫，学而不能行谓之病。’今宪，贫也，非病也。”子贡逡巡而有愧色。原宪笑曰：“夫希世而行，比周而友，学以为人，教以为己，仁义之慝，舆马之饰，宪不忍为也。”

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
Yuan Xian was living in Lu. His house, whose walls were only a few paces round, looked as if it were thatched with a crop of growing grass; its door of brushwood was incomplete, with branches of a mulberry tree for its side-posts; the window of each of its two apartments was formed by an earthenware jar (in the wall), which was stuffed with some coarse serge. It leaked above, and was damp on the ground beneath; but there he sat composedly, playing on his guitar. Zi-gong, in an inner robe of purple and an outer one of pure white, riding in a carriage drawn by two large horses, the hood of which was too high to get into the lane (leading to the house), went to see him. Yuan Xian, in a cap made of bark, and slippers without heels, and with a stalk of hellebore for a staff, met him at the door. 'Alas! Master,' said Zi-gong, 'that you should be in such distress!' Yuan Xian answered him, 'I have heard that to have no money is to be poor, and that not to be able to carry one's learning into practice is to be distressed. I am poor but not in distress.' Zi-gong shrank back, and looked ashamed, on which the other laughed and said, 'To act with a view to the world's (praise); to pretend to be public-spirited and yet be a partisan; to learn in order to please men; to teach for the sake of one's own gain; to conceal one's wickedness under the garb of benevolence and righteousness; and to be fond of the show of chariots and horses: these are things which Xian cannot bear to do.'
10
让王:
曾子居卫，縕袍无表，颜色肿哙，手足胼胝。三日不举火，十年不制衣，正冠而缨绝，捉衿而肘见，纳履而踵决。曳縰而歌商颂，声满天地，若出金石。天子不得臣，诸侯不得友。故养志者忘形，养形者忘利，致道者忘心矣。

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
Zeng-zi was residing in Wei. He wore a robe quilted with hemp, and had no outer garment; his countenance looked rough and emaciated; his hands and feet were horny and callous; he would be three days without lighting a fire; in ten years he did not have a new suit; if he put his cap on straight, the strings would break; if he drew tight the overlap of his robe, his elbow would be seen; in putting on his shoes, the heels would burst them. Yet dragging his shoes along, he sang the 'Sacrificial Odes of Shang' with a voice that filled heaven and earth as if it came from a bell or a sounding stone. The Son of Heaven could not get him to be a minister; no feudal prince could get him for his friend. So it is that he who is nourishing his mind's aim forgets his body, and he who is nourishing his body discards all thoughts of gain, and he who is carrying out the Dao forgets his own mind.
11
让王:
孔子谓颜回曰：“回来！家贫居卑，胡不仕乎？”颜回对曰：“不愿仕。回有郭外之田五十亩，足以给饘粥；郭内之田十亩，足以为丝麻；鼓琴足以自娱；所学夫子之道者足以自乐也。回不愿仕。”孔子愀然变容曰：“善哉回之意！丘闻之：‘知足者不以利自累也，审自得者失之而不惧，行修于内者无位而不怍。’丘诵之久矣，今于回而后见之，是丘之得也。”

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
Confucius said to Yan Hui, 'Come here, Hui. Your family is poor, and your position is low; why should you not take office?' Hui replied, 'I have no wish to be in office. Outside the suburban district I possess fields to the extent of fifty acres, which are sufficient to supply me with congee; and inside it I have ten acres, which are sufficient to supply me with silk and flax. I find my pleasure in playing on my lute, and your doctrines, Master, which I study, are sufficient for my enjoyment; I do not wish to take office.' Confucius looked sad, changed countenance, and said, "How good is the mind of Hui! I have heard that he who is contented will not entangle himself with the pursuit of gain, that he who is conscious of having gained (the truth) in himself is not afraid of losing other things, and that he who cultivates the path of inward rectification is not ashamed though he may have no official position. I have long been preaching this; but to-day I see it realised in Hui: this is what I have gained.'
12
让王:
中山公子牟谓瞻子曰：“身在江海之上，心居乎魏阙之下，奈何？”瞻子曰：“重生。重生则利轻。”中山公子牟曰：“虽知之，未能自胜也。”瞻子曰：“不能自胜则从，神无恶乎？不能自胜而强不从者，此之谓重伤。重伤之人，无寿类矣。”魏牟，万乘之公子也，其隐岩穴也，难为于布衣之士，虽未至乎道，可谓有其意矣。

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
Prince Mou of Gong-shan spoke to Zhan-zi, saying, 'My body has its place by the streams and near the sea, but my mind dwells at the court of Wei - what have you to say to me in the circumstances?' Zhan-zi replied, 'Set the proper value on your life. When one sets the proper value on his life, gain seems to him unimportant.' The prince rejoined, 'I know that, but I am not able to overcome (my wishes).' The reply was, 'If you cannot master yourself (in the matter), follow (your inclinations so that) your spirit may not be dissatisfied. When you cannot master yourself, and try to force yourself where your spirit does not follow, this is what is called doing yourself a double injury; and those who so injure themselves are not among the long-lived.' Mou of Wei was the son of a lord of ten thousand chariots. For him to live in retirement among crags and caves was more difficult than for a scholar who had not worn the dress of office. Although he had not attained to the Dao, he may be said to have had some idea of it.
13
让王:
孔子穷于陈、蔡之间，七日不火食，藜羹不糁，颜色甚惫，而弦歌于室。颜回择菜，子路、子贡相与言曰：“夫子再逐于鲁，削迹于卫，伐树于宋，穷于商、周，围于陈、蔡，杀夫子者无罪，藉夫子者无禁。弦歌鼓琴，未尝绝音，君子之无耻也若此乎？”颜回无以应，入告孔子。孔子推琴喟然而叹曰：“由与赐，细人也。召而来！吾语之。”

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
When Confucius was reduced to extreme distress between Zhan and Cai, for seven days he had no cooked meat to eat, but only some soup of coarse vegetables without any rice in it. His countenance wore the appearance of great exhaustion, and yet he kept playing on his lute and singing inside the house. Yan Hui (was outside), selecting the vegetables, while Zi-lu and Zi-gong were talking together, and said to him, 'The Master has twice been driven from li; he had to flee from Wei; the tree (beneath which he rested) was cut down in Sung; he was reduced to extreme distress in Shang and Zhou; he is held in a state of siege here between Zhan and Cai; any one who kills him will be held guiltless; there is no prohibition against making him a prisoner. And yet he keeps playing and singing, thrumming his lute without ceasing. Can a superior man be without the feeling of shame to such an extent as this?' Yan Hui gave them no reply, but went in and told (their words) to Confucius, who pushed aside his lute, and said, 'You and Zi are small men. Call them here, and I will explain the thing to them.'


子路、子贡入。子路曰：“如此者可谓穷矣。”孔子曰：“是何言也！君子通于道之谓通，穷于道之谓穷。今丘抱仁义之道，以遭乱世之患，其何穷之为？故内省而不穷于道，临难而不失其德，天寒既至，霜露既降，吾是以知松柏之茂也。陈、蔡之隘，于丘其幸乎！”孔子削然反琴而弦歌，子路扢然执干而舞。子贡曰：“吾不知天之高也，地之下也。”


When they came in, Zi-lu said, 'Your present condition may be called one of extreme distress.' Confucius replied, 'What words are these! When the Superior man has free course with his principles, that is what we call his success; when such course is denied, that is what we call his failure. Now I hold in my embrace the principles of benevolence and righteousness, and with them meet the evils of a disordered age - where is the proof of my being in extreme distress? Therefore looking inwards and examining myself, I have no difficulties about my principles; though I encounter such difficulties (as the present), I do not lose my virtue. It is when winter's cold is come, and the hoar-frost and snow are falling, that we know the vegetative power of the pine and cypress. This strait between Zhan and Cai is fortunate for me.' He then took back his lute so that it emitted a twanging sound, and began to play and sing. (At the same time) Zi-lu, hurriedly, seized a shield, and began to dance, while Zi-gong said, 'I did not know (before) the height of heaven nor the depth of the earth.'


古之得道者，穷亦乐，通亦乐。所乐非穷通也，道德于此，则穷通为寒暑风雨之序矣。故许由娱于颍阳，而共伯得乎共首。


The ancients who had got the Dao were happy when reduced to extremity, and happy when having free course. Their happiness was independent of both these conditions. The Dao, and its characteristics - let them have these and distress and success come to them as cold and heat, as wind and rain in the natural order of things. Thus it was that Xu You. found pleasure on the north of the river Ying, and that the earl of Gong enjoyed himself on the top of mount (Gong).
14
让王:
舜以天下让其友北人无择，北人无择曰：“异哉！后之为人也，居于甽亩之中，而游尧之门。不若是而已，又欲以其辱行漫我。吾羞见之。”因自投清泠之渊。

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
Shun proposed to resign the throne to his friend, the Northerner Wu-zhai, who said, 'A strange man you are, 0 sovereign! You (first) lived among the channeled fields, and then your place was in the palace of Yao. And not only so: you now further wish to extend to me the stain of your disgraceful doings. I am ashamed to see you.' And on this he threw himself into the abyss of Qing-ling.
15
让王:
汤将伐桀，因卞随而谋，卞随曰：“非吾事也。”汤曰：“孰可？”曰：“吾不知也。”汤又因瞀光而谋，瞀光曰：“非吾事也。”汤曰：“孰可？”曰：“吾不知也。”汤曰：“伊尹何如？”曰：“强力忍垢，吾不知其他也。”汤遂与伊尹谋伐桀。

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
When Tang was about to attack Jie, he took counsel with Bian Sui, who said, 'It is no business of mine.' Tang then said, 'To whom should I apply?' And the other said, 'I do not know.' Tang then took counsel with Wu Guang, who gave the same answer as Bian Sui; and when asked to whom he should apply, said in the same way, 'I do not know.' 'Suppose,' Thang then said, 'I apply to Yi Yin, what do you say about him?' The reply was, 'He has a wonderful power in doing what is disgraceful, and I know nothing more about him!'


克之，以让卞随。卞随辞曰：“后之伐桀也谋乎我，必以我为贼也；胜桀而让我，必以我为贪也。吾生乎乱世，而无道之人再来漫我以其辱行，吾不忍数闻也。”乃自投稠水而死。


Tang thereupon took counsel with Yi Yin, attacked Jie, and overcame him, after which he proposed to resign the throne to Bian Sui, who declined it, saying, 'When you were about to attack Jie, and sought counsel from me, you must have supposed me to be prepared to be a robber. Now that you have conquered Jie, and propose to resign the throne to me, you must consider me to be greedy. I have been born in an age of disorder, and a man without principle twice comes, and tries to extend to me the stain of his disgraceful proceedings - I cannot bear to hear the repetition of his proposals.' With this he threw himself into the Zhou water and died.


汤又让瞀光曰：“知者谋之，武者遂之，仁者居之，古之道也。吾子胡不立乎？”瞀光辞曰：“废上，非义也；杀民，非仁也；人犯其难，我享其利，非廉也。吾闻之曰：‘非其义者，不受其禄；无道之世，不践其土。’况尊我乎！吾不忍久见也。”乃负石而自沈于庐水。


Tang further made proffer of the throne to Wu Guang, saying, 'The wise man has planned it; the martial man has carried it through; and the benevolent man should occupy it: this was the method of antiquity. Why should you, Sir, not take the position?' Wu Guang refused the proffer, saying, 'To depose the sovereign is contrary to right; to kill the people is contrary to benevolence. When another has encountered the risks, if I should accept the gain of his adventure, I should violate my disinterestedness. I have heard it said, "If it be not right for him to do so, one should not accept the emolument; in an age of unprincipled (government), one should not put foot on the soil (of the) country" - how much less should I accept this position of honour! I cannot bear to see you any longer.' And with this he took a stone on his back, and drowned himself in the lu water.
16
让王:
昔周之兴，有士二人处于孤竹，曰伯夷、叔齐。二人相谓曰：“吾闻西方有人，似有道者，试往观焉。”至于岐阳，武王闻之，使叔旦往见之，与盟曰：“加富二等，就官一列。”血牲而埋之。二人相视而笑曰：“嘻！异哉！此非吾所谓道也。昔者神农之有天下也，时祀尽敬而不祈喜；其于人也，忠信尽治而无求焉。乐与政为政，乐与治为治，不以人之坏自成也，不以人之卑自高也，不以遭时自利也。今周见殷之乱而遽为政，上谋而下行货，阻兵而保威，割牲而盟以为信，扬行以说众，杀伐以要利，是推乱以易暴也。吾闻古之士遭治世不避其任，遇乱世不为苟存。今天下暗，周德衰，其并乎周以涂吾身也，不如避之以洁吾行。”

Kings who have wished to resign the Throne:
Formerly, at the rise of the Zhou dynasty, there were two brothers who lived in Gu-zhu, and were named Bo-yi and Shu-Qi. They spoke together and said, 'We have heard that in the west there is one who seems to rule according to the Right Way; let us go and see.' (Accordingly) they came to the south of (mount) Qi; and when king Wu heard of them, he sent (his brother) Shu Dan to see them, and make a covenant with them, engaging that their wealth should be second (only to that of the king), and that their offices should be of the first rank, and instructing him to bury the covenant with the blood of the victim after they had smeared the corners of their mouths with it. The brothers looked at each other and laughed, saying, 'Ah! How strange! This is not what we call the Right Way. Formerly, when Shen Nong had the kingdom, he offered his sacrifices at the proper seasons and with the utmost reverence, but without praying for any blessing. Towards men he was leal-hearted and sincere, doing his utmost in governing them, but without seeking anything for himself. When it was his pleasure to use administrative measures, he did so; and a sterner rule when he thought that would be better. He did not by the ruin of others establish his own power; he did not exalt himself by bringing others low; he did not, when the time was opportune, seek his own profit. But now Zhou, seeing the disorder of Yin, has suddenly taken the government into its hands; with the high it has taken counsel, and with those below employed bribes; it relies on its troops to maintain the terror of its might; it makes covenants over victims to prove its good faith; it vaunts its proceedings to please the masses; it kills and attacks for the sake of gain: this is simply overthrowing disorder and changing it for tyranny. We have heard that the officers of old, in an age of good government, did not shrink from their duties, and in an age of disorder did not recklessly seek to remain in office. Now the kingdom is in a state of darkness; the virtue of Zhou is decayed. Than to join with it and lay our persons in the dust, it is better for us to abandon it, and maintain the purity of our conduct.'


二子北至于首阳之山，遂饿而死焉。若伯夷、叔齐者，其于富贵也，苟可得已，则必不赖。高节戾行，独乐其志，不事于世，此二士之节也。


The two princes then went north to the hill of Shou-yang, where they died of starvation. If men such as they, in the matter of riches and honours, can manage to avoid them, (let them do so); but they must not depend on their lofty virtue to pursue any perverse course, only gratifying their own tendencies, and not doing service in their time: this was the style of these two princes.
　盗跖 - The Robber Zhi
1
盗跖:
孔子与柳下季为友。柳下季之弟名曰盗跖。盗跖从卒九千人，横行天下，侵暴诸侯，穴室枢户，驱人牛马，取人妇女，贪得忘亲，不顾父母兄弟，不祭先祖。所过之邑，大国守城，小国入保，万民苦之。

The Robber Zhi:
Confucius was on terms of friendship with Liu-xia Ji, who had a brother named Dao Zhi. This Dao Zhi had 9,000 followers, who marched at their will through the kingdom, assailing and oppressing the different princes. They dug through walls and broke into houses; they drove away people's cattle and horses; they carried off people's wives and daughters. In their greed to get, they forgot the claims of kinship, and paid no regard to their parents and brethren. They did not sacrifice to their ancestors. Wherever they passed through the country, in the larger states the people guarded their city walls, and in the smaller the people took to their strongholds. All were distressed by them.


孔子谓柳下季曰：“夫为人父者，必能诏其子；为人兄者，必能教其弟。若父不能诏其子，兄不能教其弟，则无贵父子兄弟之亲矣。今先生，世之才士也，弟为盗跖，为天下害，而弗能教也，丘窃为先生羞之。丘请为先生往说之。”柳下季曰：“先生言‘为人父者必能诏其子，为人兄者必能教其弟’，若子不听父之诏，弟不受兄之教，虽今先生之辩，将奈之何哉？且跖之为人也，心如涌泉，意如飘风，强足以距敌，辩足以饰非，顺其心则喜，逆其心则怒，易辱人以言。先生必无往。”


Confucius spoke to Liu-xia Ji, saying, 'Fathers should be able to lay down the law to their sons, and elder to instruct their younger brothers. If they are unable to do so, they do not fulfil the duties of the relationships which they sustain. You, Sir, are one of the most talented officers of the age, and your younger brother is this Robber Zhi. He is a pest in the kingdom, and you are not able to instruct him better; I cannot but be ashamed of you, and I beg to go for you and give him counsel.' Liu-xia Ji replied, 'You say, Sir, that fathers must be able to lay down the law to their sons, and elder to instruct their younger brothers, but if sons will not listen to the orders of their fathers, nor the younger receive the lessons of their elder brothers, though one may have your powers of persuasion, what is to be done? And, moreover, Zhi is a man whose mind is like a gushing fountain, and his will like a whirlwind; he is strong enough to resist all enemies, and clever enough to gloss over his wrong-doings. If you agree with him, he is glad; if you oppose him, he is enraged; and he readily meets men with the language of abuse. You must not go to him.'


孔子不听，颜回为御，子贡为右，往见盗跖。盗跖乃方休卒徒太山之阳，脍人肝而餔之。孔子下车而前，见谒者曰：“鲁人孔丘，闻将军高义，敬再拜谒者。”谒者入通，盗跖闻之大怒，目如明星，发上指冠，曰：“此夫鲁国之巧伪人孔丘非邪？为我告之：‘尔作言造语，妄称文、武，冠枝木之冠，带死牛之胁，多辞缪说，不耕而食，不织而衣，摇唇鼓舌，擅生是非，以迷天下之主，使天下学士不反其本，妄作孝弟而侥幸于封侯富贵者也。子之罪大极重，疾走归！不然，我将以子肝益昼餔之膳。’”


Confucius, however, did not attend to this advice. With Yan Hui as his charioteer, and Zi-gong seated on the right, he went to see Dao Zhi, whom he found with his followers halted on the south of Tai-shan, and mincing men's livers, which he gave them to eat. Confucius alighted from his carriage, and went forward, till he saw the usher, to whom he said, 'I, Kong Qiu of Lu, have heard of the general's lofty righteousness,' bowing twice respectfully to the man as he said so. The usher went in and announced the visitor. But when Dao Zhi heard of the arrival, he flew into a great rage; his eyes became like blazing stars, and his hair rose up and touched his cap. 'Is not this fellow,' said he, 'Kong Qiu, that artful hypocrite of Lu? Tell him from me, "You invent speeches and babble away, appealing without ground to (the examples of) Wen and Wu. The ornaments on your cap are as many as the branches of a tree, and your girdle is (a piece of skin) from the ribs of a dead ox, The more you talk, the more nonsense you utter. You get your food without (the labour of) ploughing, and your clothes without (that of) weaving. You wag your lips and make your tongue a drum-stick. You arbitrarily decide what is right and what is wrong, thereby leading astray the princes throughout the kingdom, and making its learned scholars not occupy their thoughts with their proper business. You recklessly set up your filial piety and fraternal duty, and curry favour with the feudal princes, the wealthy and the noble. Your offence is great; your crime is very heavy. Take yourself off home at once. If you do not do so, I will take your liver, and add it to the provision for to-day's food."'


孔子复通曰：“丘得幸于季，愿望履幕下。”谒者复通，盗跖曰：“使来前！”孔子趋而进，避席反走，再拜盗跖。盗跖大怒，两展其足，案剑瞋目，声如乳虎，曰：“丘来前！若所言，顺吾意则生，逆吾心则死。”


But Confucius sent in another message, saying, 'I enjoy the good will of (your brother) Ji, and I wish and hope to tread the ground beneath your tent.' When the usher had communicated this message, Dao Zhi said, 'Make him come forward.' On this Confucius hastened forwards. Declining to take a mat, he drew hastily back, and bowed twice to Dao Zhi, who in a great rage stretched his legs apart, laid his hand on his sword, and with glaring eyes and a voice like the growl of a nursing tigress, said, 'Come forwards, Zhi. If what you say be in accordance with my mind, you shall live; but, if it be contrary to it, you shall die.'


孔子曰：“丘闻之，凡天下有三德：生而长大，美好无双，少长贵贱见而皆说之，此上德也；知维天地，能辩诸物，此中德也；勇悍果敢，聚众率兵，此下德也。凡人有此一德者，足以南面称孤矣。今将军兼此三者，身长八尺二寸，面目有光，唇如激丹，齿如齐贝，音中黄钟，而名曰盗跖，丘窃为将军耻不取焉。将军有意听臣，臣请南使吴、越，北使齐、鲁，东使宋、卫，西使晋、楚，使为将军造大城数百里，立数十万户之邑，尊将军为诸侯，与天下更始，罢兵休卒，收养昆弟，共祭先祖。此圣人才士之行，而天下之愿也。”


Confucius replied, 'I have heard that everywhere under the sky there are three (most excellent) qualities. To be naturally tall and large, to be elegant and handsome without a peer, so that young and old, noble and mean, are pleased to look upon him - this is the highest of those qualities. To comprehend both heaven and earth in his wisdom, and to be able to speak eloquently on all subjects - this is the middle one of them. To be brave and courageous, resolute and daring, gathering the multitudes round him, and leading on his troops - this is the lowest of them. Whoever possesses one of these qualities is fit to stand with his face to the south, and style himself a Prince. But you, General, unite in yourself all the three. Your person is eight cubits and two inches in height; there is a brightness about your face and a light in your eyes; your lips look as if stained with vermilion; your teeth are like rows of precious shells; your voice is attuned to the musical tubes, and yet you are named "The Robber Zhi." I am ashamed of you, General, and cannot approve of you. If you are inclined to listen to me, I should like to go as your commissioner to Wu and Yue in the south; to Qi and Lu in the north; to Sung and Wei in the cast; and to Jin and Chu in the west. I will get them to build for you a great city several hundred li in size, to establish under it towns containing several hundred thousands of inhabitants, and honour you there as a feudal lord. The kingdom will see you begin your career afresh; you will cease from your wars and disband your soldiers; you will collect and nourish your brethren, and along with them offer the sacrifices to your ancestors: this will be a course befitting a sage and an officer of ability, and will fulfil the wishes of the whole kingdom.'


盗跖大怒曰：“丘来前！夫可规以利而可谏以言者，皆愚陋恒民之谓耳。今长大美好，人见而悦之者，此吾父母之遗德也。丘虽不吾誉，吾独不自知邪？且吾闻之：‘好面誉人者，亦好背而毁之。’今丘告我以大城众民，是欲规我以利而恒民畜我也，安可久长也？城之大者，莫大乎天下矣。尧、舜有天下，子孙无置锥之地，汤、武立为天子而后世绝灭，非以其利大故邪？


'Come forward, Qiu,' said Dao Zhi, greatly enraged. 'Those who can be persuaded by considerations of gain, and to whom remonstrances may be addressed with success, are all ignorant, low, and ordinary people. That I am tall and large, elegant and handsome, so that all who see me are pleased with me - this is an effect of the body left me by my parents. Though you were not to praise me for it, do I not know it myself? And I have heard that he who likes to praise men to their face will also like to speak ill of them behind their back. And when you tell me of a great wall and a multitudinous people, this is to try to persuade me by considerations of gain, and to cocker me as one of the ordinary people. But how could such advantages last for long? Of all great cities there is none so great as the whole kingdom, which was possessed by Yao and Shun, while their descendants (now) have not so much territory as would admit an awl. Tang and Wu were both set up as the Sons of Heaven, but in after ages (their posterity) were cut off and extinguished - was not this because the gain of their position was so great a prize?


且吾闻之：古者禽兽多而人少，于是民皆巢居以避之，昼拾橡栗，暮栖木上，故命之曰有巢氏之民。古者民不知衣服，夏多积薪，冬则炀之，故命之曰知生之民。神农之世，卧则居居，起则于于，民知其母，不知其父，与麋鹿共处，耕而食，织而衣，无有相害之心，此至德之隆也。然而黄帝不能致德，与蚩尤战于涿鹿之野，流血百里。尧、舜作，立群臣，汤放其主，武王杀纣。自是之后，以强陵弱，以众暴寡。汤、武以来，皆乱人之徒也。


'And moreover I have heard that anciently birds and beasts were numerous, and men were few, so that they lived in nests in order to avoid the animals. In the daytime they gathered acorns and chestnuts, and in the night they roosted on the trees; and on account of this they are called the people of the Nest-builder. Anciently the people did not know the use of clothes. In summer they collected great stores of faggots, and in winter kept themselves warm by means of them; and on account of this they are called the people who knew how to take care of their lives. In the age of Shen Nong, the people lay down in simple innocence, and rose up in quiet security. They knew their mothers, but did not know their fathers. They dwelt along with the elks and deer. They ploughed and ate; they wove and made clothes; they had no idea of injuring one another: this was the grand time of Perfect virtue. Huang-Di, however, was not able to perpetuate this virtuous state. He fought with Chi-you in the wild ofZhuo-lu till the blood flowed over a hundred li. When Yao and Shun arose, they instituted their crowd of ministers. Tang banished his lord. King Wu killed Zhou. Since that time the strong have oppressed the weak, and the many tyrannised over the few. From Tang and Wu downwards, (the rulers) have all been promoters of disorder and confusion.


今子修文、武之道，掌天下之辩，以教后世，缝衣浅带，矫言伪行，以迷惑天下之主，而欲求富贵焉，盗莫大于子。天下何故不谓子为盗丘而乃谓我为盗跖？子以甘辞说子路而使从之，使子路去其危冠，解其长剑，而受教于子，天下皆曰‘孔丘能止暴禁非’。其卒之也，子路欲杀卫君而事不成，身菹于卫东门之上，是子教之不至也。子自谓才士圣人邪！则再逐于鲁，削迹于卫，穷于齐，围于陈、蔡，不容身于天下。子教子路菹此患，上无以为身，下无以为人，子之道岂足贵邪？


'You yourself now cultivate and inculcate the ways of Wen and Wu; you handle whatever subjects are anywhere discussed for the instruction of future ages. With your peculiar robe and narrow girdle, with your deceitful speech and hypocritical conduct, you delude the lords of the different states, and are seeking for riches and honours. There is no greater robber than you are - why does not all the world call you the Robber Zhi, instead of styling me the Robber Zhi? You prevailed by your sweet speeches on Zi-lu, and made him your follower; you made him put away his high cap, lay aside his long sword, and receive your instructions, so that all the world said, "Kong Qiu is able to arrest violence and repress the wrong-doer;" but in the end, when Zi-lu wished to slay the ruler of Wei, and the affair proved unsuccessful, his body was exhibited in pickle over the eastern gate of the capital - so did your teaching of him come to nothing. Do you call yourself a scholar of talent, a sage? Why, you were twice driven out of Lu; you had to run away from Wei; you were reduced to extremity in Qi; you were held in a state of siege between Chen and Cai; there is no resting-place for your person in the kingdom; your instructions brought Zi-lu to pickle. Such have been the misfortunes (attending your course). You have done no good either for yourself or for others - how can your doctrines be worth being thought much of?


世之所高，莫若黄帝，黄帝尚不能全德，而战涿鹿之野，流血百里。尧不慈，舜不孝，禹偏枯，汤放其主，武王伐纣，文王拘羑里。此六子者，世之所高也，孰论之，皆以利惑其真而强反其情性，其行乃甚可羞也！


'There is no one whom the world exalts so much as it does Huang-Di, and still he was not able to perfect his virtue, but fought in the wilderness of Zhuo-lu, till the blood flowed over a hundred li. Yao was not kind to his son. Shun was not filial. Yu was paralysed on one side. Tang banished his sovereign. King Wu smote Zhou. King Wen was imprisoned in You-li. These are the six men of whom the world thinks the most highly, yet when we accurately consider their history, we see that for the sake of gain they all disallowed their true (nature), and did violence to its proper qualities and tendencies: their conduct cannot be thought of but with deep shame.


世之所谓贤士，伯夷、叔齐，伯夷、叔齐辞孤竹之君，而饿死于首阳之山，骨肉不葬。鲍焦饰行非世，抱木而死。申徒狄谏而不听，负石自投于河，为鱼鳖所食。介子推至忠也，自割其股以食文公，文公后背之，子推怒而去，抱木而燔死。尾生与女子期于梁下，女子不来，水至不去，抱梁柱而死。此六子者，无异于磔犬、流豕、操瓢而乞者，皆离名轻死，不念本养寿命者也。


'Among those whom the world calls men of ability and virtue were (the brothers) Bo-yi and Shu-Qi. They declined the rule of Gu-zhu, and died of starvation on the hill of Shou-yang, leaving their bones and flesh unburied. Bao Qiao vaunted his conduct, and condemned the world, but he died with his arms round a tree. When Shen-tu Di's remonstrances were not listened to, he fastened a stone on his back, and threw himself into the He, where he was eaten by the fishes and turtles. Jie Zi-tui was the most devoted (of followers), and cut a piece from his thigh as food for duke Wen. But when the duke afterwards overlooked him (in his distribution of favours), he was angry, and went away, and was burned to death with a tree in his arms. Wei Sheng had made an appointment with a girl to meet him under a bridge; but when she did not come, and the water rose around him, he would not go away, and died with his arms round one of the pillars. (The deaths of) these four men were not different from those of the dog that is torn in pieces, the pig that is borne away by a current, or the beggar (drowned in a ditch) with his alms-gourd in his hand. They were all caught as in a net by their (desire for) fame, not caring to nourish their life to its end, as they were bound to do.


世之所谓忠臣者，莫若王子比干、伍子胥，子胥沈江，比干剖心。此二子者，世谓忠臣也，然卒为天下笑。自上观之，至于子胥、比干，皆不足贵也。


'Among those whom the world calls faithful ministers there have been none like the prince Bi-gan and Wu Zi-xu. But Zi-xu's (dead) body was cast into the Jiang, and the heart of Bi-gan was cut out. These two were what the world calls loyal ministers, but the end has been that everybody laughs at them. Looking at all the above cases, down to those of Zi-xu and Bi-gan, there is not one worthy to be honoured.


丘之所以说我者，若告我以鬼事，则我不能知也；若告我以人事者，不过此矣，皆吾所闻知也。今吾告子以人之情：目欲视色，耳欲听声，口欲察味，志气欲盈。人上寿百岁，中寿八十，下寿六十，除病瘦、死丧、忧患，其中开口而笑者，一月之中不过四五日而已矣。天与地无穷，人死者有时，操有时之具而托于无穷之间，忽然无异骐骥之驰过隙也。不能说其志意，养其寿命者，皆非通道者也。丘之所言，皆吾之所弃也，亟去走归，无复言之！子之道，狂狂汲汲，诈巧虚伪事也，非可以全真也，奚足论哉？”


'And as to the admonitions which you, Qiu, wish to impress on me, if you tell me about the state of the dead, I am unable to know anything about it; if you tell me about the things of men (alive), they are only such as I have stated, what I have heard and know all about. I will now tell you, Sir, my views about the condition of man. The eyes wish to look on beauty; the ears to hear music; the mouth to enjoy flavours; the will to be gratified. The greatest longevity man can reach is a hundred years; a medium longevity is eighty years; the lowest longevity is sixty. Take away sickness, pining, bereavement, mourning, anxieties, and calamities, the times when, in any of these, one can open his mouth and laugh, are only four or five days in a month. Heaven and earth have no limit of duration, but the death of man has its (appointed) time. Take the longest amount of a limited time, and compare it with what is unlimited, its brief existence is not different from the passing of a crevice by one of king Mu's horses. Those who cannot gratify their will and natural aims, and nourish their appointed longevity, are all unacquainted with the (right) Way (of life). I cast from me, Zhi, all that you say. Be quick and go. Hurry back and say not a word more. Your Way is only a wild recklessness, deceitful, artful, vain, and hypocritical. It is not available to complete the true (nature of man); it is not worth talking about!'


孔子再拜趋走，出门上车，执辔三失，目芒然无见，色若死灰，据轼低头，不能出气。归到鲁东门外，适遇柳下季。柳下季曰：“今者阙然数日不见，车马有行色，得微往见跖邪？”孔子仰天而叹曰：“然。”柳下季曰：“跖得无逆汝意若前乎？”孔子曰：“然。丘所谓无病而自灸也，疾走料虎头，编虎须，几不免虎口哉！”


Confucius bowed twice, and hurried away. He went out at the door, and mounted his carriage. Thrice he missed the reins as he tried to take hold of them. His eyes were dazed, and he could not see; and his colour was that of slaked lime. He laid hold of the cross-bar, holding his head down, and unable to draw his breath. When he got back, outside the east gate of (the capital of) Lu, he encountered Liu-xia Ji, who said to him, 'Here you are, right in the gate. For some days I have not seen you. Your carriage and horses are travel-stained - have you not been to see Dao Zhi?' Confucius looked up to heaven, sighed, and said, 'Yes.' The other went on, 'And did he not set himself in opposition to all your views, as I said he would do?' 'He did. My case has been that of the man who cauterised himself without being ill. I rushed away, stroked the tiger's head, played with his whiskers, and narrowly escaped his mouth.'
2
盗跖:
子张1问于满苟得曰：“盍不为行？无行则不信，不信则不任，不任则不利。故观之名，计之利，而义真是也。若弃名利，反之于心，则夫士之为行，不可一日不为乎？”满苟得曰：“无耻者富，多信者显。夫名利之大者，几在无耻而信。故观之名，计之利，而信真是也。若弃名利，反之于心，则夫士之为行，抱其天乎！”

The Robber Zhi:
Zi-zhang asked Man Gou-de, saying, 'Why do you not pursue a (righteous) course? Without such a course you will not be believed in; unless you are believed in, you will not be employed in office; and if not employed in office, you will not acquire gain. Thus, if you look at the matter from the point of reputation, or estimate it from the point of gain, a righteous course is truly the right thing. If you discard the thought of reputation and gain, yet when you think over the thing in your own mind, you will see that the scholar should not be a single day without pursuing a (righteous) course.' Man Gou-de said, 'He who has no shame becomes rich, and he in whom many believe becomes illustrious. Thus the greatest fame and gain would seem to spring from being without shame and being believed in. Therefore if you look at the matter from the point of reputation, or estimate it from the point of gain, to be believed in is the right thing. If you discard the thought of fame and gain, and think over the thing in your own mind, you will see that the scholar in the course which he pursues is (simply) holding fast his Heavenly (nature, and gaining nothing).'


子张曰：“昔者桀、纣贵为天子，富有天下，今谓臧聚曰‘汝行如桀、纣’，则有怍色，有不服之心者，小人所贱也。仲尼、墨翟，穷为匹夫，今谓宰相曰‘子行如仲尼、墨翟’，则变容易色称不足者，士诚贵也。故势为天子，未必贵也；穷为匹夫，未必贱也。贵贱之分，在行之美恶。”满苟得曰：“小盗者拘，大盗者为诸侯，诸侯之门，义士存焉。昔者桓公小白杀兄入嫂而管仲为臣，田成子常杀君窃国而孔子受币。论则贱之，行则下之，则是言行之情悖战于胸中也，不亦拂乎！故《书》曰：‘孰恶孰美？成者为首，不成者为尾。’”


Zi-zhang said, 'Formerly Jie and Zhou each enjoyed the honour of being the sovereign, and all the wealth of the kingdom was his; but if you now say to a (mere) money-grabber, "Your conduct is like that of Jie or Zhou," he will look ashamed, and resent the imputation: (these two sovereigns) are despised by the smallest men. Zhongni and Mo Di (on the other hand) were poor, and common men; but if you say to a Prime Minister that his conduct is like that of Zhongni or Mo Di, then he will be put out and change countenance, and protest that he is not worthy (to be so spoken of): (these two philosophers) are held to be truly noble by (all) scholars. Thus it is that the position of sovereign does not necessarily connect with being thought noble, nor the condition of being poor and of common rank with being thought mean. The difference of being thought noble or mean arises from the conduct being good or bad.' Man Gou-de replied, 'Small robbers are put in prison; a great robber becomes a feudal lord; and in the gate of the feudal lord your righteous scholars will be found. For instance, Xi-bo, the duke Huan, killed his elder brother, and took his sister-in-law to himself, and yet Guan Zhong became his minister; and Tian Cheng, styled Cheng-zi, killed his ruler, and usurped the state, and yet Confucius received a present of silks from him. In their discussions they would condemn the men, but in their conduct they abased themselves before them. In this way their words and actions must have been at war together in their breasts - was it not a contradiction and perversity? As it is said in a book, "Who is bad? and who is good? The successful is regarded as the Head, and the unsuccessful as the Tail."'


子张曰：“子不为行，即将疏戚无伦，贵贱无义，长幼无序，五纪六位将何以为别乎？”满苟得曰：“尧杀长子，舜流母弟，疏戚有伦乎？汤放桀，武王伐纣，贵贱有义乎？王季为适，周公杀兄，长幼有序乎？儒者伪辞，墨者兼爱，五纪六位将有别乎？且子正为名，我正为利。名利之实，不顺于理，不监于道。吾日与子讼于无约，曰：‘小人殉财，君子殉名。其所以变其情，易其性，则异矣；乃至于弃其所为而殉其所不为，则一也。’故曰：无为小人，反殉而天；无为君子，从天之理。若枉若直，相而天极，面观四方，与时消息。若是若非，执而圆机，独成而意，与道徘徊。无转而行，无成而义，将失而所为。无赴而富，无殉而成，将弃而天。比干剖心，子胥抉眼，忠之祸也；直躬证父，尾生溺死，信之患也；鲍子立乾，申子不自理，廉之害也；孔子不见母，匡子不见父，义之失也。此上世之所传，下世之所语，以为士者正其言，必其行，故服其殃，离其患也。”


Zi-zhang said, 'If you do not follow the usual course of what is held to be right, but observe no distinction between the near and remote degrees of kin, no difference between the noble and the mean, no order between the old and the young, then how shall a separation be made of the fivefold arrangement (of the virtues), and the six parties (in the social organisation)?' Man Gou-de replied, 'Yao killed his eldest son, and Shun banished his half-brother': did they observe the rules about the different degrees of kin? Tang deposed Jie; king Wu overthrew Zhou: did they observe the righteousness that should obtain between the noble and the mean? King Ji took the place of his elder brother, and the duke of Zhou killed his: did they observe the order that should obtain between the elder and the younger? The Literati make hypocritical speeches; the followers of Mo hold that all should be loved equally: do we find in them the separation of the fivefold arrangement (of the virtues), and the six parties (in the social organisation)? And further, you, Sir, are all for reputation, and I am all for gain; but where the actual search for reputation and gain may not be in accordance with principle and will not bear to be examined in the light of the right way, let me and you refer the matter to-morrow to the decision of Wu-yue.' (This Wu-yue) said, 'The small man pursues after wealth; the superior man pursues after reputation. The way in which they change their feelings and alter their nature is different; but if they were to cast away what they do, and replace it with doing nothing, they would be the same. Hence it is said, "Do not be a small man - return and pursue after the Heavenly in you. Do not be a superior man - follow the rule of the Heavenly in you. Be it crooked, be it straight, view the thing in the light of Heaven as revealed in you. Look all round on every side of it, and as the time indicates, cease your endeavours. Be it right, be it wrong, hold fast the ring in yourself in which all conditions converge. Alone by yourself, carry out your idea; ponder over the right way. Do not turn your course; do not try to complete your righteousness. You will fail in what you do. Do not haste to be rich; do not follow after your perfection. If you do, you will lose the heavenly in you." Bi-gan had his heart cut out; Zi-xu had his eyes gouged out: such were the evil consequences of their loyalty. The upright person bore witness against his father; Wei Sheng was drowned: such were the misfortunes of good faith. Bao-zi stood till he was dried up; Shan-zi would not defend himself: such were the injuries brought on by disinterestedness. Confucius did not see his mother; Kuang-zi did not see his father: such were the failures of the righteous. These are instances handed down from former ages, and talked about in these later times. They show us how superior men, in their determination to be correct in their words and resolute in their conduct, paid the penalty of these misfortunes, and were involved in these distresses.'
1. 子张 : 这里只是借用他的名字，并不是真的写子张其人其事。
3
盗跖:
无足问于知和曰：“人卒未有不兴名就利者。彼富则人归之，归则下之，下则贵之。夫见下贵者，所以长生、安体、乐意之道也。今子独无意焉，知不足邪？意知而力不能行邪？故推正不忘邪？”知和曰：“今夫此人以为与己同时而生、同乡而处者，以为夫绝俗过世之士焉，是专无主正，所以览古今之时，是非之分也，与俗化世。去至重，弃至尊，以为其所为也，此其所以论长生、安体、乐意之道，不亦远乎！惨怛之疾，恬愉之安，不监于体；怵惕之恐，欣欢之喜，不监于心。知为为而不知所以为，是以贵为天子，富有天下，而不免于患也。”

The Robber Zhi:
Mr. Dissatisfied asked Mr. Know-the-Mean, saying, 'There is no man after all who does not strive for reputation and pursue after gain. When men are rich, then others go to them. Going to them, they put themselves beneath them. In that position they do honour to them as nobler than themselves. But to see others taking that position and doing honour to us is the way to prolong life, and to secure the rest of the body and the satisfaction of the mind. You alone, Sir, however, have no idea of this. Is it that your knowledge is deficient? Is it that you have the knowledge, but want the strength to carry it into practice? Or is it that your mind is made up to do what you consider right, and never allow yourself to forget it?' Know-the-Mean replied, 'Here now is this man judging of us, his contemporaries, and living in the same neighbourhood as himself, that we consider ourselves scholars who have abjured all vulgar ways and risen above the world. He is entirely without the thought of submitting to the rule of what is right. He therefore studies ancient times and the present, and the differing questions about the right and wrong, and agrees with the vulgar ideas and influences of the age, abandoning what is most important and discarding what is most honourable, in order to be free to act as he does. But is he not wide of the mark when he thinks that this is the way to promote long life, and to secure the rest of the body and the satisfaction of the mind? He has his painful afflictions and his quiet repose, but he does not inquire how his body is so variously affected; he has his apprehensive terrors, and his happy joys, but he does not inquire how his mind has such different experiences. He knows how to pursue his course, but he does not know why he does so. Even if he had the dignity of the Son of Heaven, and all the wealth of the kingdom were his, he would not be beyond the reach of misfortunes and evils.'


无足曰：“夫富之于人，无所不利，穷美究埶，至人之所不得逮，贤人之所不能及，侠人之勇力而不为威强，秉人之知谋以为明察，因人之德以为贤良，非享国而严若君父。且夫声色、滋味、权势之于人，心不待学而乐之，体不待象而安之。夫欲恶避就，固不待师，此人之性也。天下虽非我，孰能辞之！”知和曰：“知者之为，故动以百姓，不违其度，是以足而不争，无以为故不求。不足故求之，争四处而不自以为贪；有馀故辞之，弃天下而不自以为廉。廉贪之实，非以迫外也，反监之度。势为天子而不以贵骄人，富有天下而不以财戏人。计其患，虑其反，以为害于性，故辞而不受也，非以要名誉也。尧、舜为帝而雍，非仁天下也，不以美害生也；善卷、许由得帝而不受，非虚辞让也，不以事害己。此皆就其利，辞其害，而天下称贤焉，则可以有之，彼非以兴名誉也。”


Dissatisfied rejoined, 'But riches are in every way advantageous to man. With them his attainment of the beautiful and mastery of every art become what the perfect man cannot obtain nor the sagely man reach to; his appropriation of the bravery and strength of others enables him to exercise a powerful sway; his availing himself of the wisdom and plans of others makes him be accounted intelligent and discriminating; his taking advantage of the virtues of others makes him be esteemed able and good. Though he may not be the holder of a state, he is looked to with awe as a ruler and father. Moreover, music, beauty, with the pleasures of the taste and of power, are appreciated by men's minds and rejoiced in without any previous learning of them; the body reposes in them without waiting for the example of others. Desire and dislike, avoidance and pursuit, do not require any master - this is the nature of man. Though the world may condemn one's indulgence of them, who can refrain from it?' Know-the-Mean replied, 'The action of the wise is directed for the good of the people, but they do not go against the (proper) rule and degree. Therefore when they have enough, they do not strive (for more); they have no further object, and so they do not seek for one. When they have not enough, they will seek for it; they will strive for it in every quarter, and yet not think of themselves as greedy. If they have (already) a superfluity, they will decline (any more); they will decline the throne, and yet not think of themselves as disinterested: the conditions of disinterestedness and greediness are (with them) not from the constraint of anything external. Through their exercise of introspection, their power may be that of the sovereign, but they will not in their nobility be arrogant to others; their wealth may be that of the whole kingdom, but they will not in their possession of it make a mock of others. They estimate the evils to which they are exposed, and are anxious about the reverses which they may experience. They think how their possessions may be injurious to their nature, and therefore they will decline and not accept them - but not because they seek for reputation and praise. Yao and Shun were the sovereigns, and harmony prevailed. It did so, not because of their benevolence towards the people - they would not, for what was (deemed) admirable, injure their lives. Shan Juan and Xu You might have been the sovereigns, but they would not receive the throne - not that they declined it without purpose, but they would not by its occupancy injure themselves. These all followed after what was advantageous to them, and declined what was injurious, and all the world celebrates their superiority. Thus, though they enjoy the distinction, they did what they did, not for the sake of the reputation and praise.)'


无足曰：“必持其名，苦体绝甘，约养以持生，则亦久病长厄而不死者也。”知和曰：“平为福，有馀为害者，物莫不然，而财其甚者也。今富人耳营钟鼓管龠之声，口嗛于刍豢醪醴之味，以感其意，遗忘其业，可谓乱矣；侅溺于冯气，若负重行而上也，可谓苦矣；贪财而取慰，贪权而取竭，静居则溺，体泽则冯，可谓疾矣；为欲富就利，故满若堵耳而不知避，且冯而不舍，可谓辱矣；财积而无用，服膺而不舍，满心戚醮，求益而不止，可谓忧矣；内则疑劫请之贼，外则畏寇盗之害，内周楼疏，外不敢独行，可谓畏矣。此六者，天下之至害也，皆遗忘而不知察，及其患至，求尽性竭财，单以反一日之无故而不可得也。故观之名则不见，求之利则不得，缭意体而争此，不亦惑乎！”


Dissatisfied (continued his argument), saying, 'In thus thinking it necessary for their reputation, they bitterly distressed their bodies, denied themselves what was pleasant, and restricted themselves to a bare sustenance in order to sustain their life; but so they had life-long distress, and long-continued pressure till their death arrived.' Know-the-Mean replied, 'Tranquil ease is happiness; a superfluity is injurious: so it is with all things, and especially it is so, where the superfluity is of wealth. The ears of the rich are provided with the music of bells, drums, flageolets and flutes; and their mouths are stuffed with the flesh of fed beasts and with wine of the richest flavour; so are their desires satisfied, till they forget their proper business: theirs may be pronounced a condition of disorder. Sunk deeply in their self-sufficiency, they resemble individuals ascending a height with a heavy burden on their backs: their condition may be pronounced one of bitter suffering. They covet riches, thinking to derive comfort from them; they covet power, and would fain monopolise it; when quiet and retired, they are drowned in luxurious indulgence; their persons seem to shine, and they are full of boasting: they may be said to be in a state of disease. In their desire to be rich and striving for gain, they fill their stores, and, deaf to all admonition, refuse to desist from their course. They are even more elated, and hold on their way: their conduct may be pronounced disgraceful. When their wealth is amassed till they cannot use it, they clasp it to their breasts and will not part with it; when their hearts are distressed with their very fulness, they still seek for more and will not desist: their condition may be said to be sad. In-doors they are apprehensive of pilfering and begging thieves, and out-of-doors they are afraid of being injured by plundering robbers; in-doors they have many chambers and partitions, and out-of-doors they do not dare to go alone: they may be said to be in a state of (constant) alarm. These six conditions are the most deplorable in the world, but they forget them all, and have lost their faculty of judgment. When the evil comes, though they begged it with all the powers of their nature, and by the sacrifice of all their wealth, they could not bring back one day of untroubled peace. When they look for their reputation, it is not to be seen; when they seek for their wealth, it is not to be got. To task their thoughts, and destroy their bodies, striving for (such an end as) this - is it not a case of great delusion ?'
　说剑 - Delight in the Sword-fight
1
说剑:
昔赵文王喜剑，剑士夹门而客三千馀人，日夜相击于前，死伤者岁百馀人，好之不厌。如是三年，国衰，诸侯谋之。太子悝患之，募左右曰：“孰能说王之意止剑士者，赐之千金。”左右曰：“庄子当能。”

Delight in the Sword-fight:
Formerly, King Wen of Zhao delighted in the sword-fight. More than three thousand men, masters of the weapon, appeared as his guests, lining the way on either side of his gate, and fighting together before him day and night. Over a hundred of them would die or be (severely) wounded in the course of a year, but he was never weary of looking on (at their engagements), so fond was he of them. The thing continued for three years, when the kingdom began to decay, and other states to plan measures against it. The crown-prince Kui was distressed, and laid the case before his attendants, saying, 'If any one can persuade the king, and put an end to these swordsmen, I will give him a thousand ounces of silver.' His attendants said, '(Only) Zhuangzi is able to do this.'
2
说剑:
太子乃使人以千金奉庄子。庄子弗受，与使者俱往见太子曰：“太子何以教周，赐周千金？”太子曰：“闻夫子明圣，谨奉千金以币从者。夫子弗受，悝尚何敢言！”庄子曰：“闻太子所欲用周者，欲绝王之喜好也。使臣上说大王而逆王意，下不当太子，则身刑而死，周尚安所事金乎！使臣上说大王，下当太子，赵国何求而不得也？”太子曰：“然。吾王所见，唯剑士也。”庄子曰：“诺。周善为剑。”太子曰：“然吾王所见剑士，皆蓬头、突鬓、垂冠，曼胡之缨，短后之衣，嗔目而语难，王乃说之。今夫子必儒服而见王，事必大逆。”庄子曰：“请治剑服。”治剑服三日，乃见太子。太子乃与见王，王脱白刃待之。

Delight in the Sword-fight:
Thereupon the prince sent men with a thousand ounces of silver to offer to Zhuangzi, who, however, would not accept them, but went with the messengers. When he saw the prince, he said, '0 prince, what have you to say to Zhou, and why would you give me the silver?' The prince replied, 'I have heard that you, master, are sagacious and sage. I sent you respectfully the thousand ounces of silver, as a prelude to the silks and other gifts. But as you decline to receive them, how dare I now tell you (what I wished from you)?' Zhuangzi rejoined, 'I have heard, 0 prince, that what you wanted me for was to wean the king from what is his delight. Suppose that in trying to persuade his Majesty I should offend him, and not fulfil your expectation, I shall be punished with death; and could I then enjoy this silver? Or suppose that I shall succeed in persuading his Majesty, and accomplish what you desire, what is there in the kingdom of Zhao that I might ask for which I would not get?' The crown-prince said, 'Yes; but my (father), the king, will see none but swordsmen.' Zhuangzi replied, 'I know; but I am expert in the use of the sword.' 'That is well,' observed the prince; 'but the swordsmen whom his Majesty sees all have their hair in a tangle, with whiskers projecting out. They wear slouching caps with coarse and unornamented tassels, and their coats are cut short behind. They have staring eyes, and talk about the hazards of their game. The king is delighted with all this; but now you are sure to present yourself to him in your scholar's dress, and this will stand greatly in the way of your success.' Zhuangzi said, 'I will then, with your leave, get me a swordsman's dress.' This was ready in three days, and when he appeared in it before the prince, the latter went with him to introduce him to the king, who then drew his sword from its scabbard and waited for him.
3
说剑:
庄子入殿门不趋，见王不拜。王曰：“子欲何以教寡人，使太子先？”曰：“臣闻大王喜剑，故以剑见王。”王曰：“子之剑何能禁制？”曰：“臣之剑，十步一人，千里不留行。”王大悦之，曰：“天下无敌矣。”庄子曰：“夫为剑者，示之以虚，开之以利，后之以发，先之以至。愿得试之。”王曰：“夫子休就舍，待命令设戏请夫子。”王乃校剑士七日，死伤者六十馀人，得五六人，使奉剑于殿下，乃召庄子。王曰：“今日试使士敦剑。”庄子曰：“望之久矣。”王曰：“夫子所御杖，长短何如？”曰：“臣之所奉皆可。然臣有三剑，唯王所用，请先言而后试。”

Delight in the Sword-fight:
When Zhuangzi entered the door of the hall, he did not hurry forward, nor, when he saw the king, did he bow. The king asked him, 'What do you want to teach me, Sir, that you have got the prince to mention you beforehand?' The reply was, 'I have heard that your Majesty is fond of the sword-fight, and therefore I have sought an interview with you on the ground of (my skill in the use of) the sword.' 'What can you do with your sword against an opponent?' 'Let me meet with an opponent every ten paces, my sword would deal with him, so that I should not be stopped in a march of a thousand li.' The king was delighted with him, and said, 'You have not your match in the kingdom.' Zhuangzi replied, 'A good swordsman first makes a feint (against his opponent), then seems to give him an advantage, and finally gives his thrust, reaching him before he can return the blow. I should like to have an opportunity to show you my skill.' The king said, 'Stop (for a little), Master. Go to your lodging, and wait for my orders. I will make arrangements for the play, and then call you.' The king accordingly made trial of his swordsmen for seven days, till more than sixty of them were killed, or (severely) wounded. He then selected five or six men, and made them bring their swords and take their places beneath the hall, after which he called Zhuangzi, and said to him, 'To-day I am going to make (you and) these men show what you can do with your swords.' 'I have long been looking for the opportunity,' replied Zhuangzi. The king then asked him what would be the length of the sword which he would use; and he said, 'Any length will suit me, but I have three swords, any one of which I will use, as may please your Majesty. Let me first tell you of them, and then go to the arena.'
4
说剑:
王曰：“愿闻三剑。”曰：“有天子剑，有诸侯剑，有庶人剑。”王曰：“天子之剑何如？”曰：“天子之剑，以燕溪、石城为锋，齐、岱为锷，晋、魏为脊，周、宋为镡，韩、魏为夹，包以四夷，裹以四时，绕以渤海，带以常山，制以五行，论以刑德，开以阴阳，持以春夏，行以秋冬。此剑直之无前，举之无上，案之无下，运之无旁，上决浮云，下绝地纪。此剑一用，匡诸侯，天下服矣。此天子之剑也。”

Delight in the Sword-fight:
'I should like to hear about the three swords,' said the king; and Zhuangzi went on, 'There is the sword of the Son of Heaven; the sword of a feudal prince; and the sword of a common man.' 'What about the sword of the Son of Heaven?' 'This sword has Yan-qi and Shi-cheng for its point; Qi and (Mount) Dai for its edge; Jin and Wei for its back; Zhou and Song for its hilt; Han and Wei for its sheath. It is embraced by the wild tribes all around; it is wrapped up in the four seasons; it is bound round by the Sea of Bo; and its girdle is the enduring hills. It is regulated by the five elements; its wielding is by means of Punish ments and Kindness; its unsheathing is like that of the Yin and Yang; it is held fast in the spring and summer; it is put in action in the autumn and winter. When it is thrust forward, there is nothing in front of it; when lifted up, there is nothing above it; when laid down, there is nothing below it; when wheeled round, there is nothing left on any side of it; above, it cleaves the floating clouds; and below, it penetrates to every division of the earth. Let this sword be once used, and the princes are all reformed, and the whole kingdom submits. This is the sword of the Son of Heaven.'
5
说剑:
文王芒然自失，曰：“诸侯之剑何如？”曰：“诸侯之剑，以知勇士为锋，以清廉士为锷，以贤良士为脊，以忠圣士为镡，以豪桀士为夹。此剑值之亦无前，举之亦无上，案之亦无下，运之亦无旁，上法圆天以顺三光，下法方地以顺四时，中和民意以安四乡。此剑一用，如雷霆之震也，四封之内，无不宾服而听从君命者矣。此诸侯之剑也。”

Delight in the Sword-fight:
King Wen looked lost in amazement, and said again, 'And what about the sword of a feudal lord?' (Zhuangzi) replied, 'This sword has wise and brave officers for its point; pure and disinterested officers for its edge; able and honourable officers for its back; loyal and sage officers for its hilt; valiant and eminent officers for its sheath. When this sword is thrust directly forward, as in the former case, there is nothing in front of it; when directed upwards, there is nothing above it; when laid down, there is nothing below it; when wheeled round, there is nothing on any side of it. Above, its law is taken from the round heaven, and is in accordance with the three luminaries; below, its law is taken from the square earth, and is in accordance with the four seasons; between, it is in harmony with the minds of the people, and in all the parts of the state there is peace. Let this sword be once used, and you seem to hear the crash of the thunder-peal. Within the four borders there are none who do not respectfully submit, and obey the orders of the ruler. This is the sword of the feudal lord.'
6
说剑:
王曰：“庶人之剑何如？”曰：“庶人之剑，蓬头、突鬓、垂冠，曼胡之缨，短后之衣，瞋目而语难，相击于前，上斩颈领，下决肝肺。此庶人之剑，无异于斗鸡，一旦命已绝矣，无所用于国事。今大王有天子之位，而好庶人之剑，臣窃为大王薄之。”

Delight in the Sword-fight:
'And what about the sword of the common man?' asked the king (once more). (Zhuangzi) replied, 'The sword of the common man (is wielded by) those who have their hair in a tangle, with whiskers projecting out; who wear slouching caps with coarse and unornamented tassels, and have their coats cut short behind; who have staring eyes, and talk (only) about the hazards (of their game). They hit at one another before you. Above, the sword slashes through the neck; and below, it scoops out the liver and lungs. This is the sword of the common man. (The users of it) are not different from fighting cocks; any morning their lives are brought to an end; they are of no use in the affairs of the state. Your Majesty occupies the seat of the Son of Heaven, and that you should be so fond of the swordsmanship of such common men, is unworthy, as I venture to think, of your Majesty.'
7
说剑:
王乃牵而上殿，宰人上食，王三环之。庄子曰：“大王安坐定气，剑事已毕奏矣。”于是文王不出宫三月，剑士皆服毙其处也。

Delight in the Sword-fight:
On this the king drew Zhuangzi with him, and went up to the top of the hall, where the cook set forth a meal, which the king walked round three times (unable to sit down to it). Zhuangzi said to him, 'Sit down quietly, Great King, and calm yourself. I have said all I wished to say about swords.' King Wen, thereafter, did not quit the palace for three months, and the swordsmen all killed themselves in their own rooms.
　渔父 - The Old Fisherman
1
渔父:
孔子游乎缁帷之林，休坐乎杏坛之上。弟子读书，孔子弦歌鼓琴，奏曲未半。有渔父者下船而来，须眉交白，被发揄袂，行原以上，距陆而止，左手据膝，右手持颐以听。曲终而招子贡、子路，二人俱对。客指孔子曰：“彼何为者也？”子路对曰：“鲁之君子也。”客问其族。子路对曰：“族孔氏。”客曰：“孔氏者何治也？”子路未应，子贡对曰：“孔氏者，性服忠信，身行仁义，饰礼乐，选人伦，上以忠于世主，下以化于齐民，王之佐与？”子贡曰：“非也。”客乃笑而还行，言曰：“仁则仁矣，恐不免其身，苦心劳形以危其真。呜乎，远哉其分于道也。”

The Old Fisherman:
Confucius, rambling in the forest of Zi-wei, stopped and sat down by the Apricot altar. The disciples began to read their books, while he proceeded to play on his lute, singing as he did so. He had not half finished his ditty when an old fisherman stepped down from his boat, and came towards them. His beard and eyebrows were turning white; his hair was all uncombed; and his sleeves hunc, idly down. He walked thus up from the bank, till he got to the dry ground, when he stopped, and, with his left hand holding one of his knees, and the right hand at his chin, listened. When the ditty was finished, he beckoned to Zi-gong and Zi-lu, who both responded and went to him. Pointing to Confucius, he said, 'Who is he?' Zi-lu replied, 'He is the Superior Man of Lu.' 'And of what family is he?' 'He is of the Kong family.' 'And what is the occupation of this Mr. Kong?' To this question Zi-lu gave no reply, but Zi-gong replied, 'This scion of the Kong family devotes himself in his own nature to leal-heartedness and sincerity; in his conduct he manifests benevolence and righteousness; he cultivates the ornaments of ceremonies and music; he pays special attention to the relationships of society; above, he would promote loyalty to the hereditary lords; below, he seeks the transformation of all classes of the people; his object being to benefit the kingdom: this is what Mr. Kong devotes himself to.' The stranger further asked, 'Is he a ruler possessed of territory?' 'No,' was Zi-gong's reply. 'Is he the assistant of any prince or king?' 'No;' and on this the other began to laugh and to retrace his steps, saying as he went, 'Yes, benevolence is benevolence! But I am afraid he will not escape (the evils incident to humanity). By embittering his mind and toiling his body, he is imperilling his true (nature)! Alas! how far removed is he from the proper way (of life)!'
2
渔父:
子贡还，报孔子。孔子推琴而起曰：“其圣人与！”乃下求之，至于泽畔，方将杖拏而引其船，顾见孔子，还乡而立。孔子反走，再拜而进。客曰：“子将何求？”孔子曰：“曩者先生有绪言而去，丘不肖，未知所谓，窃待于下风，幸闻咳唾之音，以卒相丘也！”客曰：“嘻！甚矣子之好学也！”孔子再拜而起曰：“丘少而修学，以至于今，六十九岁矣，无所得闻至教，敢不虚心！”

The Old Fisherman:
Zi-gong returned, and reported (what the man had said) to Confucius, who pushed his lute aside, and arose, saying, 'Is he not a sage?' and down the slope he went in search of him. When he reached the edge of the lake, there was the fisherman with his pole, dragging the boat towards him. Turning round and seeing Confucius, he came back towards him and stood up. Confucius then drew back, bowed to him twice, and went forward. 'What do you want with me, Sir?' asked the stranger. The reply was, 'A little while ago, my Master, you broke off the thread of your remarks and went away. Inferior to you, I do not know what you wished to say, and have ventured here to wait for your instructions, fortunate if I may but hear the sound of your words to complete the assistance that you can give me!' 'Ah!' responded the stranger, 'how great is your love of learning!' Confucius bowed twice, and then rose up, and said, 'Since I was young, I have cultivated learning till I am now sixty-nine years old; but I have not had an opportunity of hearing the perfect teaching; dare I but listen to you with a humble and unprejudiced mind?'
3
渔父:
客曰：“同类相从，同声相应，固天之理也。吾请释吾之所有而经子之所以。子之所以者，人事也。天子、诸侯、大夫、庶人，此四者自正，治之美也，四者离位而乱莫大焉。官治其职，人忧其事，乃无所陵。故田荒室露，衣食不足，徵赋不属，妻妾不和，长少无序，庶人之忧也；能不胜任，官事不治，行不清白，群下荒怠，功美不有，爵禄不持，大夫之忧也；廷无忠臣，国家昏乱，工技不巧，贡职不美，春秋后伦，不顺天子，诸侯之忧也；阴阳不和，寒暑不时，以伤庶物，诸侯暴乱，擅相攘伐，以残民人，礼乐不节，财用穷匮，人伦不饬，百姓淫乱，天子有司之忧也。今子既上无君侯有司之势，而下无大臣职事之官，而擅饬礼乐，选人伦，以化齐民，不泰多事乎？且人有八疵，事有四患，不可不察也。非其事而事之，谓之摠；莫之顾而进之，谓之佞；希意道言，谓之谄；不择是非而言，谓之谀；好言人之恶，谓之谗；析交离亲，谓之贼；称誉诈伪以败恶人，谓之慝；不择善否，两容颊适，偷拔其所欲，谓之险。此八疵者，外以乱人，内以伤身，君子不友，明君不臣。所谓四患者，好经大事，变更易常，以挂功名，谓之叨；专知擅事，侵人自用，谓之贪；见过不更，闻谏愈甚，谓之很；人同于己则可，不同于己，虽善不善，谓之矜。此四患也。能去八疵，无行四患，而始可教已。”

The Old Fisherman:
The stranger replied, 'Like seeks to like, and (birds) of the same note respond to one another - this is a rule of Heaven. Allow me to explain what I am in possession of, and to pass over (from its standpoint) to the things which occupy you. What you occupy yourself with are the affairs of men. When the sovereign, the feudal lords, the great officers, and the common people, these four classes, do what is correct (in their several positions), we have the beauty of good order; and when they leave their proper duties, there ensues the greatest disorder. When the officials attend to their duties, and the common people are anxiously concerned about their business, there is no encroachment on one another's rights. Fields running to waste; leaking rooms; insufficiency of food and clothing; taxes unprovided for; want of harmony among wives and concubines; and want of order between old and young - these are the troubles of the common people. Incompetency for their charges; inattention to their official business; want of probity in conduct; carelessness and idleness in subordinates; failure of merit and excellence; and uncertainty of rank and emolument: these are the troubles of great officers. No loyal ministers at their courts; the clans in their states rebellious; want of skill in their mechanics; articles of tribute of bad quality; late appearances at court in spring and autumn; and the dissatisfaction of the sovereign: these are the troubles of the feudal lords. Want of harmony between the Yin and Yang; unseasonableness of cold and heat, affecting all things injuriously; oppression and disorder among the feudal princes, their presuming to plunder and attack one another, to the injury of the people; ceremonies and music ill-regulated; the resources for expenditure exhausted or deficient; the social relationships uncared for; and the people abandoned to licentious disorder: these are the troubles of the Son of Heaven and his ministers. Now, Sir, you have not the high rank of a ruler, a feudal lord, or a minister of the royal court, nor are you in the inferior position of a great minister, with his departments of business, and yet you take it on you to regulate ceremonies and music, and to give special attention to the relationships of society, with a view to transform the various classes of the people: is it not an excessive multiplication of your business? And moreover men are liable to eight defects, and (the conduct of) affairs to four evils; of which we must by all means take account. To take the management of affairs which do not concern him is called monopolising. To bring forward a subject which no one regards is called loquacity. To lead men on by speeches made to please them is called sycophancy. To praise men without regard to right or wrong is called flattery. To be fond of speaking of men's wickedness is called calumny. To part friends and separate relatives is called mischievousness. To praise a man deceitfully, or in the same way fix on him the character of being bad, is called depravity. Without reference to their being good or bad, to agree with men with double face, in order to steal a knowledge of what they wish, is called being dangerous. Those eight defects produce disorder among other men and injury to one's self. A superior man will not make a friend of one who has them, nor will an intelligent ruler make him his minister. To speak of what I called the four evils: To be fond of conducting great affairs, changing and altering what is of long-standing, to obtain for one's self the reputation of meritorious service, is called ambition; to claim all wisdom and intrude into affairs, encroaching on the work of others, and representing it as one's own, is called greediness; to see his errors without changing them, and to go on more resolutely in his own way when remonstrated with, is called obstinacy; when another agrees with himself, to approve of him, and, however good he may be, when he disagrees, to disapprove of him, is called boastful conceit. These are the four evils. When one can put away the eight defects, and allow no course to the four evils, he begins to be capable of being taught.'
4
渔父:
孔子愀然而叹，再拜而起曰：“丘再逐于鲁，削迹于卫，伐树于宋，围于陈、蔡。丘不知所失，而离此四谤者何也？”客凄然变容曰：“甚矣子之难悟也！人有畏影恶迹而去之走者，举足愈数而迹愈多，走愈疾而影不离身，自以为尚迟，疾走不休，绝力而死。不知处阴以休影，处静以息迹，愚亦甚矣！子审仁义之间，察同异之际，观动静之变，适受与之度，理好恶之情，和喜怒之节，而几于不免矣。谨修而身，慎守其真，还以物与人，则无所累矣。今不修之身而求之人，不亦外乎！”

The Old Fisherman:
Confucius looked sorrowful and sighed. (Again) he bowed twice, and then rose up and said, 'I was twice driven from Lu. I had to flee from Wei; the tree under which I rested was cut down in Song; I was kept in a state of siege between Chen and Cai. I do not know what errors I had committed that I came to be misrepresented on these four occasions (and suffered as I did).' The stranger looked grieved (at these words), changed countenance, and said, 'Very difficult it is, Sir, to make you understand. There was a man who was frightened at his shadow and disliked to see his footsteps, so that he ran to escape from them. But the more frequently he lifted his feet, the more numerous his footprints were; and however fast he ran, his shadow did not leave him. He thought he was going too slow, and ran on with all his speed without stopping, till his strength was exhausted and he died. He did not know that, if he had stayed in a shady place, his shadow would have disappeared, and that if he had remained still, he would have lost his footprints: his stupidity was excessive! And you, Sir, exercise your judgment on the questions about benevolence and righteousness; you investigate the points where agreement and difference touch; you look at the changes from movement to rest and from rest to movement; you have mastered the rules of receiving and giving; you have defined the feelings of liking and disliking; you have harmonised the limits of joy and anger: and yet you have hardly been able to escape (the troubles of which you speak). If you earnestly cultivated your own person, and carefully guarded your (proper) truth, simply rendering to others what was due to them, then you would have escaped such entanglements. But now, when you do not cultivate your own person, and make the cultivation of others your object, are you not occupying yourself with what is external?'
5
渔父:
孔子愀然曰：“请问何谓真？”客曰：“真者，精诚之至也。不精不诚，不能动人。故强哭者虽悲不哀，强怒者虽严不威，强亲者虽笑不和。真悲无声而哀，真怒未发而威，真亲未笑而和。真在内者，神动于外，是所以贵真也。其用于人理也，事亲则慈孝，事君则忠贞，饮酒则欢乐，处丧则悲哀。忠贞以功为主，饮酒以乐为主，处丧以哀为主，事亲以适为主，功成之美，无一其迹矣。事亲以适，不论所以矣；饮酒以乐，不选其具矣；处丧以哀，无问其礼矣。礼者，世俗之所为也；真者，所以受于天也，自然不可易也。故圣人法天贵真，不拘于俗。愚者反此，不能法天而恤于人，不知贵真，禄禄而受变于俗，故不足。惜哉！子之早湛于人伪，而晚闻大道也！”

The Old Fisherman:
Confucius with an air of sadness said, 'Allow me to ask what it is that you call my proper Truth.' The stranger replied, 'A man's proper Truth is pure sincerity in its highest degree - without this pure sincerity one cannot move others. Hence if one (only) forces himself to wail, however sadly he may do so, it is not (real) sorrow; if he forces himself to be angry, however he may seem to be severe, he excites no awe; if he forces himself to show affection, however he may smile, he awakens no harmonious reciprocation. True grief, without a sound, is yet sorrowful; true anger, without any demonstration, yet awakens awe; true affection, without a smile, yet produces a harmonious reciprocation. Given this truth within, it exercises a spiritual efficacy without, and this is why we count it so valuable. In our relations with others, it appears according to the requirements of each case: in the service of parents, as gentle, filial duty; in the service of rulers, as loyalty and integrity; in festive drinking, as pleasant enjoyment; in the performance of the mourning rites, as sadness and sorrow. In loyalty and integrity, good service is the principal thing; in festive drinking, the enjoyment; in the mourning rites, the sorrow; in the service of parents, the giving them pleasure. The beauty of the service rendered (to a ruler) does not require that it always be performed in one way; the service of parents so as to give them pleasure takes no account of how it is done; the festive drinking which ministers enjoyment does not depend on the appliances for it; the observance of the mourning rites with the proper sorrow asks no questions about the rites themselves. Rites are prescribed for the practice of the common people; man's proper Truth is what he has received from Heaven, operating spontaneously, and unchangeable. Therefore the sages take their law from Heaven, and prize their (proper) Truth, without submitting to the restrictions of custom. The stupid do the reverse of this. They are unable to take their law from Heaven, and are influenced by other men; they do not know how to prize the proper Truth (of their nature), but are under the dominion of ordinary things, and change according to the customs (around them): always, consequently, incomplete. Alas for you, Sir, that you were early steeped in the hypocrisies of men, and have been so late in hearing about the Great Way!'
6
渔父:
孔子又再拜而起曰：“今者丘得遇也，若天幸然。先生不羞而比之服役，而身教之。敢问舍所在，请因受业而卒学大道。”客曰：“吾闻之：可与往者与之，至于妙道；不可与往者，不知其道，慎勿与之，身乃无咎。子勉之！吾去子矣，吾去子矣。”乃刺船而去，延缘苇间。

The Old Fisherman:
(Once more), Confucius bowed twice (to the fisherman), then rose again, and said, 'That I have met you to-day is as if I had the happiness of getting to heaven. If you, Master, are not ashamed, but will let me be as your servant, and continue to teach me, let me venture to ask where your dwelling is. I will then beg to receive your instructions there, and finish my learning of the Great Way.' The stranger replied, 'I have heard the saying, "If it be one with whom you can walk together, go with him to the subtlest mysteries of the Dao. If it be one with whom you cannot walk together and he do not know the Dao, take care that you do not associate with him, and you will yourself incur no responsibility." Do your utmost, Sir. I must leave you, I must leave you!' With this he shoved off his boat, and went away among the green reeds.
7
渔父:
颜渊还车，子路授绥，孔子不顾，待水波定，不闻拏音，而后敢乘。子路旁车而问曰：“由得为役久矣，未尝见夫子遇人如此其威也。万乘之主，千乘之君，见夫子未尝不分庭伉礼，夫子犹有倨敖之容。今渔者杖拏逆立，而夫子曲要磬折，言拜而应，得无太甚乎？门人皆怪夫子矣，渔人何以得此乎？”孔子伏轼而叹曰：“甚矣由之难化也！湛于礼义有间矣，而朴鄙之心至今未去。进！吾语汝。夫遇长不敬，失礼也；见贤不尊，不仁也。彼非至人，不能下人，下人不精，不得其真，故长伤身。惜哉！不仁之于人也，祸莫大焉，而由独擅之。且道者，万物之所出也，庶物失之者死，得之者生；为事逆之则败，顺之则成。故道之所在，圣人尊之。今渔父之道，可谓有矣，吾敢不敬乎！”

The Old Fisherman:
Yan Yuan (now) returned to the carriage, where Zi-lu handed to him the strap; but Confucius did not look round, (continuing where he was), till the wavelets were stilled, and he did not hear the sound of the pole, when at last he ventured to (return and) take his seat. Zi-lu, by his side in the carriage, asked him, saying, 'I have been your servant for a long time, but I have never seen you, Master, treat another with the awe and reverence which you have now shown. I have seen you in the presence of a Lord of ten thousand chariots or a Ruler of a thousand, and they have never received you in a different audience-room, or treated you but with the courtesies due to an equal, while you have still carried yourself with a reserved and haughty air; but to-day this old fisherman has stood erect in front of you with his pole in his hand, while you, bent from your loins in the form of a sounding-stone, would bow twice before you answered him - was not your reverence of him excessive? Your disciples will all think it strange in you, Master. Why did the old fisherman receive such homage from you?' Confucius leant forward on the cross-bar of the carriage, heaved a sigh, and said, 'Difficult indeed is it to change you, 0 You! You have been trained in propriety and righteousness for long, and yet your servile and mean heart has not been taken front you. Come nearer, that I may speak fully to you. If you meet one older than yourself, and do not show him respect, you fail in propriety. If you see a man of superior wisdom and goodness, and do not honour him, you want the great characteristic of humanity. If that (fisherman) did not possess it in the highest degree, how could he make others submit to him? And if their submission to him be not sincere, they do not attain to the truth (of their nature), and inflict a lasting injury on their persons. Alas! there is no greater calamity to man than the want of this characteristic; and you, 0 You, you alone, would take such want on yourself. Moreover, the Dao is the course by which all things should proceed. For things to fail in this is death; to observe it, is life. To oppose it in practice is ruin; to conform it, is success. Therefore wherever the sagely man finds the Dao, he honours it. And that old fisherman to-day might be said to possess it - dared I presume not to show him reverence?'
　列御寇 - Lie Yu-kou
1
列御寇:
列御寇之齐，中道而反，遇伯昏瞀人。伯昏瞀人曰：“奚方而反？”曰：“吾惊焉。”曰：“恶乎惊？”曰：“吾尝食于十浆，而五浆先馈。”伯昏瞀人曰：“若是，则汝何为惊已？”曰：“夫内诚不解，形谍成光，以外镇人心，使人轻乎贵老，而齑其所患。夫浆特为食羹之货，多馀之赢，其为利也薄，其为权也轻，而犹若是，而况于万乘之主乎！身劳于国而知尽于事，吾是以惊。”伯昏瞀人曰：“善哉观乎！汝处已，人将保汝矣。”

Lie Yu-kou:
Lie Yu-kou had started to go to Qi, but came back when he was half-way to it. He met Bo-hun Wu-ren, who said, 'Why have you come back?' His reply was, 'I was frightened.' 'What frightened you?' 'I went into ten soup-shops to get a meal, and in five of them the soup was set before me before (I had paid for it).' 'But what was there in that to frighten you?' (Liezi) said, 'Though the inward and true purpose be not set forth, the body like a spy gives some bright display of it. And this outward demonstration overawes men's minds, and makes men on light grounds treat one as noble or as aged, from which evil to him will be produced. Now vendors of soup supply their commodity simply as a matter of business, and however much they may dispose of, their profit is but little, and their power is but slight; and yet they treated me as I have said: how much more would the lord of ten thousand chariots do so! His body burdened with (the cares of his) kingdom, and his knowledge overtasked by its affairs, he would entrust those affairs to me, and exact from me the successful conduct (of its government). It was this which frightened me.' Po-hwan W?-zan replied, 'Admirable perspicacity! But if you carry yourself as you do, men will flock to you for protection.'


无几何而往，则户外之屦满矣。伯昏瞀人北面而立，敦杖蹙之乎颐，立有间，不言而出。宾者以告列子，列子提屦，跣而走，暨乎门，曰：“先生既来，曾不发药乎？”曰：“已矣！吾固告汝曰‘人将保汝’，果保汝矣。非汝能使人保汝，而汝不能使人无保汝也，而焉用之感豫出异也！必且有感，摇而本才，又无谓也。与汝游者，又莫汝告也，彼所小言，尽人毒也。莫觉莫悟，何相孰也！巧者劳而知者忧，无能者无所求，饱食而敖游，泛若不系之舟，虚而敖游者也。”


Not long after, Bo-hun Wu-ren went (to visit Liezi), and found the space outside his door full of shoes. There he stood with his face to the north, holding his staff upright, and leaning his chin on it till the skin was wrinkled. After standing so for some time, and without saying a word, he was going away, when the door-keeper went in, and told Liezi. The latter (immediately) took up his shoes, and ran barefoot after the visitor. When he overtook him at the (outer) gate, he said, 'Since you, Sir, have come, are you going away without giving me some medicine?' The other replied, 'It is of no use. I did tell you that men would flock to you, and they do indeed do so. It is not that you can cause men to flock to you, but you cannot keep them from not so coming - of what use is (all my warning)? What influences them and makes them glad is the display of your extraordinary (qualities); but you must also be influenced in your turn, and your proper nature be shaken, and no warning can be addressed to you. Those who associate with you do not admonish you of this. The small words which they speak are poison to a man. You perceive it not; you understand it not - how can you separate yourself from them? The clever toil on, and the wise are sad. Those who are without ability seek for nothing. They eat to the full, and wander idly about. They drift like a vessel loosed from its moorings, and aimlessly wander about.'
2
列御寇:
郑人缓也呻吟裘氏之地。祗三年而缓为儒，润河九里，泽及三族，使其弟墨。儒、墨相与辩，其父助翟。十年而缓自杀。其父梦之，曰：“使而子为墨者，予也。阖胡尝视其良，既为秋柏之实矣！”夫造物者之报人也，不报其人而报其人之天。彼故使彼。夫人以己为有以异于人，以贱其亲，齐人之井，饮者相捽也。故曰：“今之世皆缓也。”自是，有德者以不知也，而况有道者乎！古者谓之遁天之刑。

Lie Yu-kou:
A man of Zheng, called Huan, learned his books in the neighbourhood of Qiu-shi, and in no longer time than three years became a Confucian scholar, benefiting the three classes of his kindred as the He extends its enriching influence for nine li. He made his younger brother study (the principles of) Mo, and then they two - the scholar and the Mohist - disputed together (about their respective systems), and the father took the side of the younger. After ten years Huan killed himself. (By and by) he appeared to his father in a dream, saying, 'It was I who made your son become a Mohist; why did you not recognise that good service? I am become (but) the fruit of a cypress in autumn.' But the Creator, in apportioning the awards of men, does not recompense them for their own doings, but recompenses them for the (use of the) Heavenly in them. It was thus that Huan's brother was led to learn Mohism. When this Huan thought that it was he who had made his brother different from what he would have been, and proceeded to despise his father, he was like the people of Qi, who, while they drank from a well, tried to keep one another from it. Hence it is said, 'Now-a-days all men are Huans.' From this we perceive that those who possess the characteristics (of the Dao) consider that they do not know them; how much more is it so with those who possess the Dao itself! The ancients called such (as Huan) 'men who had escaped the punishment of Heaven.'
3
列御寇:
圣人安其所安，不安其所不安；众人安其所不安，不安其所安。

Lie Yu-kou:
The sagely man rests in what is his proper rest; he does not rest in what is not so - the multitude of men rest in what is not their proper rest; they do not rest in their proper rest.
4
列御寇:
庄子曰：“知道易，勿言难。知而不言，所以之天也；知而言之，所以之人也。古之人，天而不人。”

Lie Yu-kou:
Zhuangzi said, 'To know the Dao is easy; not to say (that you know it) is difficult. To know it and not to speak of it is the way to attain to the Heavenly; to know and to speak of it, is the way to show the Human. The ancients pursued the Heavenly (belonging to them), and not the Human.'
5
列御寇:
朱泙漫学屠龙于支离益，单千金之家，三年技成，而无所用其巧。

Lie Yu-kou:
Zhu Ping-man learned how to slaughter the dragon from Zhi-li Yi, expending (in doing so) all his wealth of a thousand ounces of silver. In three years he became perfect in the art, but he never exercised his skill.
6
列御寇:
圣人以必不必，故无兵；众人以不必必之，故多兵。顺于兵，故行有求。兵，持之则亡。

Lie Yu-kou:
The sage looks on what is deemed necessary as unnecessary, and therefore is not at war (in himself). The mass of men deem what is unnecessary to be necessary, and therefore they are often at war (in themselves). Therefore those who pursue this method of (internal) war, resort to it in whatever they seek for. But reliance on such war leads to ruin.
7
列御寇:
小夫之知，不离苞苴竿牍，敝精神乎蹇浅，而欲兼济道物，太一形虚。若是者，迷惑于宇宙，形累不知太初。彼至人者，归精神乎无始，而甘冥乎无何有之乡。水流乎无形，发泄乎太清。悲哉乎！汝为知在毫毛，而不知大宁！

Lie Yu-kou:
The wisdom of the small man does not go beyond (the minutiae of) making presents and writing memoranda, wearying his spirits out in what is trivial and mean. But at the same time he wishes to aid in guiding to (the secret of) the Dao and of (all) things in the incorporeity of the Grand Unity. In this way he goes all astray in regard to (the mysteries of) space and time. The fetters of embodied matter keep him from the knowledge of the Grand Beginning. (On the other hand), the perfect man directs the energy of his spirit to what was before the Beginning, and finds pleasure in the mysteriousness belonging to the region of nothingness. He is like the water which flows on without the obstruction of matter, and expands into the Grand Purity. Alas for what you do, (0 men)! You occupy yourselves with things trivial as a hair, and remain ignorant of the Grand Rest!
8
列御寇:
宋人有曹商者，为宋王使秦。其往也，得车数乘；王说之，益车百乘。反于宋，见庄子曰：“夫处穷闾厄巷，困窘织屦，槁项黄馘者，商之所短也；一悟万乘之主，而从车百乘者，商之所长也。”庄子曰：“秦王有病召医，破痈溃痤者得车一乘，舐痔者得车五乘，所治愈下，得车愈多。子岂治其痔邪？何得车之多也？子行矣！”

Lie Yu-kou:
There was a man of Song, called Cao Shang, who was sent by the king of Song on a mission to Qin. On setting out, he had several carriages with him; and the king (of Qin) was so pleased with him that he gave him another hundred. When he returned to Song, he saw Zhuangzi, and said to him, 'To live in a narrow lane of a poor mean hamlet, wearing sandals amid distress of poverty, with a weazen neck and yellow face - that is what I should find it difficult to do. But as soon as I come to an understanding with the Lord of a myriad carriages, to find myself with a retinue of a hundred carriages - that is wherein I excel.' Zhuangzi replied, 'When the king of Qin is ill, the doctor whom he calls to open an ulcer or squeeze a boil receives a carriage; and he who licks his piles receives five. The lower the service, the more are the carriages given. Did you, Sir, lick his piles? How else should you have got so many carriages? Begone!'
9
列御寇:
鲁哀公问于颜阖曰：“吾以仲尼为贞干，国其有瘳乎？”曰：“殆哉圾乎！仲尼方且饰羽而画，从事华辞，以支为旨，忍性以视民而不知不信，受乎心，宰乎神，夫何足以上民！彼宜女与？予颐与？误而可矣。今使民离实学伪，非所以视民也。为后世虑，不若休之，难治也。”

Lie Yu-kou:
Duke Ai of lu asked Yan He, saying, 'If I employ Zhongni as the support of my government, will the evils of the state be thereby cured?' The reply was, '(Such a measure) would be perilous! It would be full of hazard! Zhongni, moreover, will try to ornament a feather and paint it; in the conduct of affairs he uses flowery speeches. A (mere) branch is to him more admirable (than the root); he can bear to misrepresent their nature in instructing the people, and is not conscious of the unreality of his words. He receives (his inspiration) from his own mind, and rules his course from his own spirit: what fitness has he to be set over the people? Is such a man suitable for you (as your minister)? Could you give to him the nourishment (of the people)? You would do so by mistake (but not on purpose, for a time, but not as a permanency). To make the people leave what is real, and learn what is hypocritical - that is not the proper thing to be shown to them; if you take thought for future ages, your better plan will be to give up (the idea of employing Confucius).
10
列御寇:
施于人而不忘，非天布也。商贾不齿，虽以事齿之，神者勿齿。为外刑者，金与木也；为内刑者，动与过也。宵人之离外刑者，金木讯之；离内刑者，阴阳食之。夫免乎外内之刑者，唯真人能之。

Lie Yu-kou:
What makes government difficult, is the dealing with men without forgetting yourself; this is not according to the example of Heaven in diffusing its benefits. Merchants and traffickers are not to be ranked (with administrative officers) if on an occasion you so rank them, the spirits (of the people) do not acquiesce in your doing so. The instruments of external punishment are made of metal and wood; those of internal punishment are agitation (of the mind) and (the sense of) transgression. When small men become subject to the external punishment, the (instruments of) metal and wood deal with them; when they become liable to the internal punishments, the Yin and Yang consume them. It is only the true man who can escape both from the external and internal punishment.
11
列御寇:
孔子曰：“凡人心险于山川，难于知天。天犹有春秋冬夏旦暮之期，人者厚貌深情。故有貌愿而益，有长若不肖，有顺懁而达，有坚而缦，有缓而釬。故其就义若渴者，其去义若热。故君子远使之而观其忠，近使之而观其敬，烦使之而观其能，卒然问焉而观其知，急与之期而观其信，委之以财而观其仁，告之以危而观其节，醉之以酒而观其侧，杂之以处而观其色。九徵至，不肖人得矣。

Lie Yu-kou:
Confucius said, 'The minds of men are more difficult of approach than (the position defended by) mountains and rivers, and more difficult to know than Heaven itself. Heaven has its periods of spring and autumn, of winter and summer, and of morning and evening; but man's exterior is thickly veiled, and his feelings lie deep. Thus the demeanour of some is honest-like, and yet they go to excess (in what is mean); others are really gifted, and yet look to be without ability; some seem docile and impressible, but yet they have far-reaching schemes; others look firm, and yet may be twisted about; others look slow, and yet they are hasty. In this way those who hasten to do what is right as if they were thirsty will anon hurry away from it as if it were fire. Hence the superior man looks at them when employed at a distance to test their fidelity, and when employed near at hand to test their reverence. By employing them on difficult services, he tests their ability; by questioning them suddenly, he tests their knowledge; by appointing them a fixed time, he tests their good faith; by entrusting them with wealth, he tests their benevolence; by telling them of danger, he tests their self-command in emergencies; by making them drunk, he tests their tendencies; by placing them in a variety of society, he tests their chastity: by these nine tests the inferior man is discovered.'
12
列御寇:
正考父一命而伛，再命而偻，三命而俯，循墙而走，孰敢不轨！如而夫者，一命而吕钜，再命而于车上舞，三命而名诸父，孰协唐、许！

Lie Yu-kou:
When Kao-fu, the Correct, received the first grade of official rank, he walked with head bowed down; on receiving the second, with bent back; on receiving the third, with body stooping, he ran and hurried along the wall: who would presume not to take him as a model? But one of those ordinary men, on receiving his first appointment, goes along with a haughty stride; on receiving his second, he looks quite elated in his chariot; and on receiving the third, he calls his uncles by their personal names - how very different from Xu (You) in the time (of Yao of) Tang!
13
列御寇:
贼莫大乎德有心而心有眼，及其有眼也而内视，内视而败矣。凶德有五，中德为首。何谓中德？中德也者，有以自好也而吡其所不为者也。

Lie Yu-kou:
Of all things that injure (men) there is none greater than the practising of virtue with the purpose of the mind, till the mind becomes supercilious. When it becomes so, the mind (only) looks inwards (on itself), and such looking into itself leads to its ruin. This evil quality has five forms, and the chief of them is that which is the central. What do we mean by the central quality? It is that which appears in a man's loving (only) his own views, and reviling whatever he does not do (himself).


穷有八极，达有三必，形有六府。美、髯、长、大、壮、丽、勇、敢，八者俱过人也，因以是穷。缘循、偃佒、困畏不若人，三者俱通达。知慧外通，勇动多怨，仁义多责。达生之情者傀，达于知者肖；达大命者随，达小命者遭。


Limiting (men's advance), there are eight extreme conditions; securing (that advance), there are three things necessary; and the person has its six repositories. Elegance; a (fine) beard; tallness; size; strength; beauty; bravery; daring; and in all these excelling others: (these are the eight extreme conditions) by which advance is limited. Depending on and copying others; stooping in order to rise; and being straitened by the fear of not equalling others: these are the three things that lead to advancing. Knowledge seeking to reach to all that is external; bold movement producing many resentments; benevolence and righteousness leading to many requisitions; understanding the phenomena of life in an extraordinary degree; understanding all knowledge so as to possess an approach to it; understanding the great condition appointed for him, and following it, and the smaller conditions, and meeting them as they occur: (these are the six repositories of the person).
14
列御寇:
人有见宋王者，锡车十乘，以其十乘骄稚庄子。庄子曰：“河上有家贫恃纬萧而食者，其子没于渊，得千金之珠。其父谓其子曰‘取石来锻之！夫千金之珠，必在九重之渊而骊龙颔下，子能得珠者，必遭其睡也。使骊龙而寤，子尚奚微之有哉！’今宋国之深，非直九重之渊也；宋王之猛，非直骊龙也。子能得车者，必遭其睡也。使宋王而寤，子为齑粉夫！”

Lie Yu-kou:
There was a man who, having had an interview with the king of Song, and been presented by him with ten carriages, showed them boastfully to Zhuangzi, as if the latter had been a boy. Zhuangzi said to him, 'Near the He there was a poor man who supported his family by weaving rushes (to form screens). His son, when diving in a deep pool, found a pearl worth a thousand ounces of silver. The father said, "Bring a stone, and break it in pieces. A pearl of this value must have been in a pool nine Zhong deep, and under the chin of the Black Dragon. That you were able to get it must have been owing to your finding him asleep. Let him awake, and the consequences to you will not be small!" Now the kingdom of Song is deeper than any pool of nine Zhong, and its king is fiercer than the Black Dragon. That you were able to get the chariots must have been owing to your finding him asleep. Let him awake, and you will be ground to powder.'
15
列御寇:
或聘于庄子，庄子应其使曰：“子见夫牺牛乎？衣以文绣，食以刍叔，及其牵而入于太庙，虽欲为孤犊，其可得乎！”

Lie Yu-kou:
Some (ruler) having sent a message of invitation to him, Zhuangzi replied to the messenger, 'Have you seen, Sir, a sacrificial ox? It is robed with ornamental embroidery, and feasted on fresh grass and beans. But when it is led into the grand ancestral temple, though it wished to be (again) a solitary calf, would that be possible for it?'
16
列御寇:
庄子将死，弟子欲厚葬之。庄子曰：“吾以天地为棺椁，以日月为连璧，星辰为珠玑，万物为赍送。吾葬具岂不备邪？何以加此！”弟子曰：“吾恐乌鸢之食夫子也。”庄子曰：“在上为乌鸢食，在下为蝼蚁食，夺彼与此，何其偏也！”

Lie Yu-kou:
When Zhuangzi was about to die, his disciples signified their wish to give him a grand burial. 'I shall have heaven and earth,' said he, 'for my coffin and its shell; the sun and moon for my two round symbols of jade; the stars and constellations for my pearls and jewels; and all things assisting as the mourners. Will not the provisions for my burial be complete? What could you add to them?' The disciples replied, 'We are afraid that the crows and kites will eat our master.' Zhuangzi rejoined, 'Above, the crows and kites will eat me; below, the mole-crickets and ants will eat me: to take from those and give to these would only show your partiality.'
17
列御寇:
以不平平，其平也不平；以不徵徵，其徵也不徵。明者唯为之使，神者徵之。夫明之不胜神也久矣，而愚者恃其所见入于人，其功外也，不亦悲乎！

Lie Yu-kou:
The attempt, with what is not even, to produce what is even will only produce an uneven result; the attempt, with what is uncertain, to make the uncertain certain will leave the uncertainty as it was. He who uses only the sight of his eyes is acted on by what he sees; it is the (intuition of the) spirit, that gives the assurance of certainty. That the sight of the eyes is not equal to that intuition of the spirit is a thing long acknowledged. And yet stupid people rely on what they see, and will have it to be the sentiment of all men - all their success being with what is external: is it not sad?
　天下 - Tian Xia
1
天下:
天下之治方术者多矣，皆以其有为不可加矣。古之所谓道术者，果恶乎在？曰：“无乎不在。”曰：“神何由降？明何由出？”“圣有所生，王有所成，皆原于一。”

Tian Xia:
The methods employed in the regulation of the world are many; and (the employers of them) think each that the efficiency of his own method leaves nothing to be added to it. But where is what was called of old 'the method of the Dao?' We must reply, 'It is everywhere.' But then whence does the spiritual in it come down? and whence does the intelligence in it come forth? There is that which gives birth to the Sage, and that which gives his perfection to the King: the origin of both is the One.


不离于宗，谓之天人。不离于精，谓之神人。不离于真，谓之至人。以天为宗，以德为本，以道为门，兆于变化，谓之圣人。以仁为恩，以义为理，以礼为行，以乐为和，薰然慈仁，谓之君子。以法为分，以名为表，以参为验，以稽为决，其数一二三四是也。百官以此相齿，以事为常，以衣食为主，蕃息畜藏，老弱孤寡为意，皆有以养，民之理也。


Not to be separate from his primal source constitutes what we call the Heavenly man; not to be separate from the essential nature thereof constitutes what we call the Spirit-like man; not to be separate from its real truth constitutes what we call the Perfect man. To regard Heaven as his primal Source, Its Attributes as the Root (of his nature), and the Dao as the Gate (by which he enters into this inheritance), (knowing also) the prognostics given in change and transformation, constitutes what we call the Sagely man. To regard benevolence as (the source of all) kindness, righteousness as (the source of all) distinctions, propriety as (the rule of) all conduct, and music as (the idea of) all harmony, thus diffusing a fragrance of gentleness and goodness, constitutes what we call the Superior man. To regard laws as assigning the different (social) conditions, their names as the outward expression (of the social duties), the comparison of subjects as supplying the grounds of evidence, investigation as conducting to certainty, so that things can be numbered as first, second, third, fourth (and so on): (this is the basis of government). Its hundred offices are thus arranged; business has its regular course; the great matters of clothes and food are provided for; cattle are fattened and looked after; the (government) stores are filled; the old and weak, orphans and solitaries, receive anxious consideration: in all these ways is provision made for the nourishment of the people.


古之人其备乎！配神明，醇天地，育万物，和天下，泽及百姓，明于本数，系于末度，六通四辟，小大精粗，其运无乎不在。其明而在数度者，旧法世传之史尚多有之。其在于《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》者，邹、鲁之士、搢绅先生多能明之。《诗》以道志，《书》以道事，《礼》以道行，《乐》以道和，《易》以道阴阳，《春秋》以道名分。其数散于天下而设于中国者，百家之学时或称而道之。


How complete was (the operation of the Dao) in the men of old! It made them the equals of spiritual beings, and subtle and all-embracing as heaven and earth. They nourished all things, and produced harmony all under heaven. Their beneficent influence reached to all classes of the people. They understood all fundamental principles, and followed them out to their graduated issues; in all the six directions went their penetration, and in the four quarters all things were open to them. Great and small, fine and coarse - all felt their presence and operation. Their intelligence, as seen in all their regulations, was handed down from age to age in their old laws, and much of it was still to be found in the Historians. What of it was in the Shi, the Shu, the Li, and the Yue, might be learned from the scholars of Zou and Lu, and the girdled members of the various courts. The Shi describes what should be the aim of the mind; the Shu, the course of events; the Li is intended to direct the conduct; the Yue, to set forth harmony; the Yi, to show the action of the Yin and Yang; and the Chun Qiu, to display names and the duties belonging to them. Some of the regulations (of these men of old), scattered all under heaven, and established in our Middle states, are (also) occasionally mentioned and described in the writings of the different schools.


天下大乱，贤圣不明，道德不一，天下多得一察焉以自好。譬如耳目鼻口，皆有所明，不能相通。犹百家众技也，皆有所长，时有所用。虽然，不该不遍，一曲之士也。判天地之美，析万物之理，察古人之全，寡能备于天地之美，称神明之容。是故内圣外王之道，暗而不明，郁而不发，天下之人各为其所欲焉以自为方。悲夫！百家往而不反，必不合矣。后世之学者，不幸不见天地之纯，古人之大体，道术将为天下裂。


There ensued great disorder in the world, and sages and worthies no longer shed their light on it. The Dao and its characteristics ceased to be regarded as uniform. Many in different places got one glimpse of it, and plumed themselves on possessing it as a whole. They might be compared to the ear, the eye, the nose, or the mouth. Each sense has its own faculty, but their different faculties cannot be interchanged. So it was with the many branches of the various schools. Each had its peculiar excellence, and there was the time for the use of it; but notwithstanding no one covered or extended over the whole (range of truth). The case was that of the scholar of a corner who passes his judgment on all the beautiful in heaven and earth, discriminates the principles that underlie all things, and attempts to estimate the success arrived at by the ancients. Seldom is it that such an one can embrace all the beautiful in heaven and earth, or rightly estimate the ways of the spiritual and intelligent; and thus it was that the Dao, which inwardly forms the sage and externally the king, became obscured and lost its clearness, became repressed and lost its development. Every one in the world did whatever he wished, and was the rule to himself. Alas! the various schools held on their several ways, and could not come back to the same point, nor agree together. The students of that later age unfortunately did not see the undivided purity of heaven and earth, and the great scheme of truth held by the ancients. The system of the Dao was about to be torn in fragments all under a the sky.
2
天下:
不侈于后世，不靡于万物，不晖于数度，以绳墨自矫，而备世之急，古之道术有在于是者。墨翟、禽滑厘闻其风而说之。为之大过，己之大循。作为《非乐》，命之曰《节用》，生不歌，死无服。墨子泛爱兼利而非斗，其道不怒；又好学而博，不异，不与先王同，毁古之礼乐。

Tian Xia:
To leave no example of extravagance to future generations; to show no wastefulness in the use of anything; to make no display in the degree of their (ceremonial) observances; to keep themselves (in their expenditure) under the restraint of strict and exact rule, so as to be prepared for occurring emergencies - such regulations formed part of the system of the Dao in antiquity, and were appreciated by Mo Di, and (his disciple) Qin Hua-li. When they heard of such ways, they were delighted with them; but they enjoined them in excess, and followed them themselves too strictly. (Mo) made the treatise 'Against Music,' and enjoined the subject of another, called 'Economy in Expenditure,' on his followers. He would have no singing in life, and no wearing of mourning on occasions of death. He inculcated Universal Love, and a Common Participation in all advantages, and condemned Fighting. His doctrine did not admit of Anger. He was fond also of Learning, and with it all strove not to appear different from others. Yet he did not agree with the former kings, but attacked the ceremonies and music of the ancients.


黄帝有《咸池》，尧有《大章》，舜有《大韶》，禹有《大夏》，汤有《大濩》，文王有辟雍之乐，武王、周公作《武》。古之丧礼，贵贱有仪，上下有等，天子棺椁七重，诸侯五重，大夫三重，士再重。今墨子独生不歌，死不服，桐棺三寸而无椁，以为法式。以此教人，恐不爱人；以此自行，固不爱己。未败墨子道，虽然，歌而非歌，哭而非哭，乐而非乐，是果类乎？其生也勤，其死也薄，其道大觳，使人忧，使人悲，其行难为也，恐其不可以为圣人之道，反天下之心，天下不堪。墨子虽能独任，奈天下何！离于天下，其去王也远矣。


Huang-Di had his Xian-chi; Yao, his Da Zhang; Shun, his Da Shao; Yu, his Da Xia; Tang, his Da Hu; King Wen, his music of the Pi-yong; and king Wu and the duke of Zhou made the Wu. In the mourning rites of the ancients, the noble and mean had their several observances, the high and low their different degrees. The coffin of the Son of Heaven was sevenfold; of a feudal lord, fivefold; of a great officer, threefold; of other officers, twofold. But now Mo-zi alone, would have no singing during life, and no wearing of mourning after death. As the rule for all, he would have a coffin of elaeococca wood, three inches thick, and without any enclosing shell. The teaching of such lessons cannot be regarded as affording a proof of his love for men; his practising them in his own case would certainly show that he did not love himself; but this has not been sufficient to overthrow the views of Mo-zi. Notwithstanding, men will sing, and he condemns singing; men will wail, and he condemns wailing; men will express their joy, and he condemns such expression: is this truly in accordance with man's nature? Through life toil, and at death niggardliness: his way is one of great unkindliness. Causing men sorrow and melancholy, and difficult to be carried into practice, I fear it cannot be regarded as the way of a sage. Contrary to the minds of men everywhere, men will not endure it. Though Mo-zi himself might be able to endure it, how can the aversion of the world to it be overcome? The world averse to it, it must be far from the way of the (ancient) kings.


墨子称道曰：“昔者禹之湮洪水，决江河而通四夷九州也，名山三百，支川三千，小者无数。禹亲自操稿耜而九杂天下之川，腓无胈，胫无毛，沐甚雨，栉疾风，置万国。禹，大圣也，而形劳天下也如此。”使后世之墨者多以裘褐为衣，以跂蹻为服，日夜不休，以自苦为极，曰：“不能如此，非禹之道也，不足谓墨。”相里勤之弟子五侯之徒，南方之墨者苦获、已齿、邓陵子之属，俱诵《墨经》，而倍谲不同，相谓别墨，以坚白、同异之辩相訾，以觭偶不仵之辞相应，以巨子为圣人，皆愿为之尸，冀得为其后世，至今不决。


Mo-zi, in praise of his views, said, 'Anciently, when Yu was draining off the waters of the flood, he set free the channels of the Jiang and the He, and opened communications with them from the regions of the four Yi and the nine provinces. The famous hills with which he dealt were 300, the branch streams were 3000, and the smaller ones innumerable. With his own hands he carried the sack and wielded the spade, till he had united all the streams of the country (conducting them to the sea). There was no hair left on his legs from the knee to the ankle. He bathed his hair in the violent wind, and combed it in the pelting rain, thus marking out the myriad states. Yu was a great sage, and thus he toiled in the service of the world.' The effect of this is that in this later time most of the Mohists wear skins and dolychos cloth, with shoes of wood or twisted hemp, not stopping day or night, but considering such toiling on their part as their highest achievement. They say that he who cannot do this is acting contrary to the way of Yu, and not fit to be a Mohist. The disciples of Qin of Xiang-li, the followers of the various feudal lords; and Mohists of the south, such as Ku Huo, Ji Chi, and Zheng Ling-zi, all repeated the texts of Mo, but they differed in the objections which they offered to them, and in their deceitful glosses they called one another Mohists of different schools. They had their disputations, turning on 'what was hard,' and 'what was white,' what constituted 'sameness' and what 'difference,' and their expressions about the difference between 'the odd' and 'the even,' with which they answered one another. They regarded their most distinguished member as a sage, and wished to make him their chief, hoping that he would be handed down as such to future ages. To the present day these controversies are not determined.


墨翟、禽滑厘之意则是，其行则非也。将使后世之墨者必自苦以腓无胈、胫无毛，相进而已矣。乱之上也，治之下也。虽然，墨子真天下之好也，将求之不得也，虽枯槁不舍也，才士也！


The idea of Mo Di and Qin Hua-li was good, but their practice was wrong. They would have made the Mohists of future ages feel it necessary to toil themselves, till there was not a hair on their legs, and still be urging one another on; (thus producing a condition) superior indeed to disorder, but inferior to the result of good government. Nevertheless, Mo-zi was indeed one of the best men in the world, which you may search without finding his equal. Decayed and worn (his person) might be, but he is not to be rejected - a scholar of ability indeed!
3
天下:
夫不累于俗，不饰于物，不苟于人，不忮于众，愿天下之安宁以活民命，人我之养毕足而止，以此白心，古之道术有在于是者。宋鈃、尹文闻其风而悦之。作为华山之冠以自表，接万物以别宥为始。语心之容，命之曰心之行，以聏合驩，以调海内，请欲置之以为主。见侮不辱，救民之斗；禁攻寝兵，救世之战。以此周行天下，上说下教，虽天下不取，强聒而不舍者也。故曰：“上下见厌而强见也。”虽然，其为人太多，其自为太少，曰：“请欲固置五升之饭足矣，先生恐不得饱，弟子虽饥，不忘天下。”日夜不休，曰：“我必得活哉！”图傲乎救世之士哉！曰：“君子不为苛察，不以身假物。”以为无益于天下者，明之不如已也。以禁攻寝兵为外，以情欲寡浅为内，其小大精粗，其行适至是而止。

Tian Xia:
To keep from being entangled by prevailing customs; to shun all ornamental attractions in one's self; not to be reckless in his conduct to others; not to set himself stubbornly against a multitude; to desire the peace and repose of the world in order to preserve the lives of the people; and to cease his action when enough had been obtained for the nourishment of others and himself, showing that this was the aim of his mind - such a scheme belonged to the system of the Dao in antiquity, and it was appreciated by Song Xing and Yin Wen. When they heard of such ways, they were delighted with them. They made the Hua-shan cap, and wore it as their distinguishing badge. In their intercourse with others, whatever their differences might be, they began by being indulgent to them. Their name for 'the Forbearance of the Mind' was 'the Action of the Mind.' By the warmth of affection they sought the harmony of joy, and to blend together all within the four seas; and their wish was to plant this everywhere as the chief thing to be pursued. They endured insult without feeling it a disgrace; they sought to save the people from fighting; they forbade aggression and sought to hush the weapons of strife, to save their age from war. In this way they went everywhere, counselling the high and instructing the low. Though the world might not receive them, they only insisted on their object the more strongly, and would not abandon it. Hence it is said, 'The high and the low might be weary of them, but they were strong to show themselves.' Notwithstanding all this, they acted too much out of regard to others, and too little for themselves. It was as if they said, 'What we request and wish is simply that there may be set down for us five pints of rice - that will be enough.' But I fear the Master would not get his fill from this; and the disciples, though famishing, would still have to be mindful of the world, and, never stopping day or night, have to say, 'Is it necessary I should preserve my life? Shall I scheme how to exalt myself above the master, the saviour of the age?' It was moreover as if they said, 'The superior man does not censoriously scrutinize (the faults of others); he does not borrow from others to supersede his own endeavours; when any think that he is of no use to the world, he knows that their intelligence is inferior to his own; he considers the prohibition of aggression and causing the disuse of arms to be an external achievement, and the making his own desires to be few and slight to be the internal triumph.' Such was their discrimination between the great and the small, the subtle and the coarse; and with the attainment of this they stopped.
4
天下:
公而不当，易而无私，决然无主，趣物而不两，不顾于虑，不谋于知，于物无择，与之俱往，古之道术有在于是者。彭蒙、田骈、慎到闻其风而说之。齐万物以为首，曰：“天能覆之而不能载之，地能载之而不能覆之，大道能包之而不能辩之。”知万物皆有所可，有所不可，故曰：“选则不遍，教则不至，道则无遗者矣。”是故慎到，弃知去己，而缘不得已，泠汰于物以为道理，曰：“知不知，将薄知而后邻伤之者也。”謑髁无任而笑天下之尚贤也，纵脱无行而非天下之大圣，椎拍輐断，与物宛转，舍是与非，苟可以免，不师知虑，不知前后，魏然而已矣。推而后行，曳而后往，若飘风之还，若羽之旋，若磨石之隧，全而无非，动静无过，未尝有罪。是何故？夫无知之物，无建己之患，无用知之累，动静不离于理，是以终身无誉。故曰：“至于若无知之物而已，无用贤圣，夫块不失道。”豪桀相与笑之曰：“慎到之道，非生人之行而至死人之理，适得怪焉。”田骈亦然，学于彭蒙，得不教焉。彭蒙之师曰：“古之道人，至于莫之是、莫之非而已矣。其风窢然，恶可而言？”常反人，不见观，而不免于鲩断。其所谓道非道，而所言之韪不免于非。彭蒙、田骈、慎到不知道。虽然，概乎皆尝有闻者也。

Tian Xia:
Public-spirited, and with nothing of the partizan; easy and compliant, without any selfish partialities; capable of being led, without any positive tendencies; following in the wake of others, without any double mind; not looking round because of anxious thoughts; not scheming in the exercise of their wisdom; not choosing between parties, but going along with all - all such courses belonged to the Daoists of antiquity, and they were appreciated by Peng Meng, Tian Pian, and Shen Dao. When they heard of such ways, they were delighted with them. They considered that the first thing for them to do was to adjust the controversies about different things. They said, 'Heaven can cover, but it cannot sustain; Earth can contain, but it cannot cover. The Great Dao embraces all things, but It does not discriminate between them.'They knew that all things have what they can do and what they cannot do. Hence it is said, 'If you select, you do not reach all; if you teach some things, you must omit the others; but the Dao neglects none.' Therefore Shen Dao discarded his knowledge and also all thought of himself, acting only where he had no alternative, and pursued it as his course to be indifferent and pure in his dealings with others. He said that the best knowledge was to have no knowledge, and that if we had a little knowledge it was likely to prove a dangerous thing. Conscious of his unfitness, he undertook no charge, and laughed at those who valued ability and virtue. Remiss and evasive, he did nothing, and disallowed the greatest sages which the world had known. Now with a hammer, now with his hand, smoothing all corners, and breaking all bonds, he accommodated himself to all conditions. He disregarded right and wrong, his only concern being to avoid trouble; he learned nothing from the wise and thoughtful, and took no note of the succession of events, thinking only of carrying himself with a lofty disregard of everything. He went where he was pushed, and followed where he was led, like a whirling wind, like a feather tossed about, like the revolutions of a grindstone.What was the reason that he appeared thus complete, doing nothing wrong? that, whether in motion or at rest, he committed no error, and could be charged with no transgression? Creatures that have no knowledge are free from the troubles that arise from self-assertion and the entanglements that spring from the use of knowledge. Moving and at rest, they do not depart from their proper course, and all their life long they do not receive any praise. Hence (Shen Dao) said, 'Let me come to be like a creature without knowledge. Of what use are the (teachings of the) sages and worthies?' But a clod of earth never fails in the course (proper for it), and men of spirit and eminence laughed together at him, and said, 'The way of Shen Dao does not describe the conduct of living men; that it should be predicable only of the dead is strange indeed!'It was just the same with Tian Pian. He learned under Peng Meng, but it was as if he were not taught at all. The master of Peng Meng said, 'The Daoist professors of old came no farther than to say that nothing was absolutely right and nothing absolutely wrong.' His spirit was like the breath of an opposing wind; how can it be described in words? But he was always contrary to (the views of) other men, which he would not bring together to view, and he did not escape shaving the corners and bonds (of which I have spoken). What he called the Dao was not the true Dao, and what he called the right was really the wrong. Peng Meng, Tian Pian, and Shen Dao did not in fact know the Dao; but nevertheless they had heard in a general way about it.
5
天下:
以本为精，以物为粗，以有积为不足，澹然独与神明居，古之道术有在于是者。关尹、老聃闻其风而悦之。建之以常无有，主之以太一，以濡弱谦下为表，以空虚不毁万物为实。

Tian Xia:
To take the root (from which things spring) as the essential (part), and the things as its coarse (embodiment); to see deficiency in accumulation; and in the solitude of one's individuality to dwell with the spirit-like and intelligent - such a course belonged to the Dao of antiquity, and it was appreciated by Guan Yin and Lao Dan. When they heard of such ways, they were delighted with them. They built their system on the assumption of an eternal non-existence, and made the ruling idea in it that of the Grand Unity. They made weakness and humility their mark of distinction, and considered that by empty vacuity no injury could be sustained, but all things be preserved in their substantiality.


关尹曰：“在己无居，形物自著。其动若水，其静若镜，其应若响。芴乎若亡，寂乎若清，同焉者和，得焉者失。未尝先人而常随人。”


Guan Yin says, 'To him who does not dwell in himself the forms of things show themselves as they are. His movement is like that of water; his stillness is like that of a mirror; his response is like that of the echo. His tenuity makes him seem to be disappearing altogether; he is still as a clear (lake), harmonious in his association with others, and he counts gain as loss. He does not take precedence of others, but follows them.'


老聃曰：“知其雄，守其雌，为天下溪；知其白，守其辱，为天下谷。”人皆取先，己独取后，曰：“受天下之垢。”人皆取实，己独取虚，无藏也故有馀，岿然而有馀。其行身也，徐而不费，无为也而笑巧。人皆求福，己独曲全，曰：“苟免于咎。”以深为根，以约为纪，曰：“坚则毁矣，锐则拙矣。”常宽容于物，不削于人，可谓至极。关尹、老聃乎！古之博大真人哉！


Lao Dan says, 'He knows his masculine power, but maintains his female weakness,-- becoming the channel into which all streams flow. He knows his white purity, but keeps his disgrace, becoming the valley of the world. Men all prefer to be first; he alone chooses to be last, saying, "I will receive the offscourings of the world." Men all choose fulness; he alone chooses emptiness. He does not store, and therefore he has a superabundance; he looks solitary, but has a multitude around him. In his conducting of himself he is easy and leisurely and wastes nothing. He does nothing, and laughs at the clever and ingenious. Men all seek for happiness, but he feels complete in his imperfect condition, and says, "Let me only escape blame." He regards what is deepest as his root, and what is most restrictive as his rule; and says, "The strong is broken; the sharp and pointed is blunted." He is always generous and forbearing with others, and does not encroach on any man - this may be pronounced the height (of perfection).' 0 Guan Yin, and Lao Dan, ye were among the greatest men of antiquity; True men indeed!
6
天下:
芴漠无形，变化无常，死与生与！天地并与！神明往与！芒乎何之？忽乎何适？万物毕罗，莫足以归，古之道术有在于是者。庄周闻其风而悦之。以谬悠之说，荒唐之言，无端崖之辞，时恣纵而不傥，不以觭见之也。以天下为沈浊，不可与庄语；以卮言为曼衍，以重言为真，以寓言为广。独与天地精神往来，而不敖倪于万物，不谴是非，以与世俗处。其书虽瑰玮而连犿无伤也，其辞虽参差而諔诡可观。彼其充实不可以已，上与造物者游，而下与外死生、无终始者为友。其于本也，宏大而辟，深闳而肆；其于宗也，可谓稠适而上遂矣。虽然，其应于化而解于物也，其理不竭，其来不蜕，芒乎昧乎，未之尽者。

Tian Xia:
That the shadowy and still is without bodily form; that change and transformation are ever proceeding, but incapable of being determined. What is death? What is life? What is meant by the union of Heaven and Earth? Does the spiritual intelligence go away? Shadowy, where does it go? Subtle, whither does it proceed? All things being arranged as they are, there is no one place which can be fitly ascribed to it. Such were the questions belonging to the scheme of Dao in antiquity, and they were appreciated by Zhuang Zhou. When he heard of such subjects, he was delighted with them. (He discussed them), using strange and mystical expressions, wild and extravagant words, and phrases to which no definite meaning could be assigned. He constantly indulged his own wayward ideas, but did not make himself a partisan, nor look at them as peculiar to himself. Considering that men were sunk in stupidity and could not be talked to in dignified style, he employed the words of the cup of endless application, with important quotations to substantiate the truth, and an abundance of corroborative illustrations. He chiefly cared to occupy himself with the spirit-like operation of heaven and earth, and did not try to rise above the myriads of things. He did not condemn the agreements and differences of others, so that he might live in peace with the prevalent views. Though his writings may seem to be sparkling trifles, there is no harm in amusing one's self with them; though his phraseology be ever-varying, its turns and changes are worth being looked at - the fulness and completeness of his ideas cannot be exhausted. Above he seeks delight in the Maker; below, he has a friendly regard to those who consider life and death as having neither beginning nor end. As regards his dealing with the Root (origin of all things), he is comprehensive and great, opening up new views, deep, vast, and free. As regards the Author and Master (the Great Dao Itself), be may be pronounced exact and correct, carrying our thoughts to range and play on high. Nevertheless on the subject of transformation, and the emancipation of that from (the thraldom of) things, his principles are inexhaustible, and are not derived from his predecessors. They are subtle and obscure, and cannot be fully explained.
7
天下:
惠施多方，其书五车，其道舛驳，其言也不中。历物之意，曰：“至大无外，谓之大一；至小无内，谓之小一。无厚不可积也，其大千里。天与地卑，山与泽平。日方中方睨，物方生方死。大同而与小同异，此之谓小同异；万物毕同毕异，此之谓大同异。南方无穷而有穷，今日适越而昔来。连环可解也。我知天下之中央，燕之北，越之南是也。泛爱万物，天地一体也。”

Tian Xia:
Hui Shi had many ingenious notions. His writings would fill five carriages; but his doctrines were erroneous and contradictory, and his words were wide of their mark. Taking up one thing after another, he would say: 'That which is so great that there is nothing outside it may be called the Great One; and that which is so small that there is nothing inside it maybe called the Small One.' 'What has no thickness and will not admit of being repeated is 1000 li in size.' 'Heaven may be as low as the earth.' 'A mountain may be as level as a marsh.' ' The sun in the meridian may be the sun declining.' 'A creature may be born to life and may die at the same time.' '(When it is said that) things greatly alike are different from things a little alike, this is what is called making little of agreements and differences; (when it is said that) all things are entirely alike or entirely different, this is what is called making much of agreements and differences.' 'The south is unlimited and yet has a limit.' 'I proceed to Yue to-day and came to it yesterday.' 'Things which are joined together can be separated.' 'I know the centre of the world - it is north of Yan or south of Yue.' 'If all things be regarded with love, heaven and earth are of one body (with me).'


惠施以此为大观于天下而晓辩者，天下之辩者相与乐之。卵有毛，鸡三足，郢有天下，犬可以为羊，马有卵，丁子有尾，火不热，山出口，轮不蹍地，目不见，指不至，至不绝，龟长于蛇，矩不方，规不可以为圆，凿不围枘，飞鸟之景未尝动也，镞矢之疾而有不行不止之时，狗非犬，黄马、骊牛三，白狗黑，孤驹未尝有母，一尺之捶，日取其半，万世不竭。辩者以此与惠施相应，终身无穷。


Hui Shi by such sayings as these made himself very conspicuous throughout the kingdom, and was considered an able debater. All other debaters vied with one another and delighted in similar exhibitions. (They would say), 'There are feathers in an egg.' 'A fowl has three feet.' 'The kingdom belongs to Ying.' 'A dog might have been (called) a sheep.' 'A tadpole has a tail.' 'Fire is not hot.' 'A mountain gives forth a voice.' 'A wheel does not tread on the ground.' 'The eye does not see.' 'The finger indicates, but needs not touch, (the object).' 'Where you come to may not be the end.' 'The tortoise is longer than the snake.' 'The carpenter's square is not square.' 'A compass should not itself be round.' 'A chisel does not surround its handle.' 'The shadow of a flying bird does not (itself) move.' 'Swift as the arrowhead is, there is a time when it is neither fiying nor at rest.' 'A dog is not a hound.' 'A bay horse and a black ox are three.' 'A white dog is black.' 'A motherless colt never had a mother.' 'If from a stick a foot long you every day take the half of it, in a myriad ages it will not be exhausted.' - It was in this way that the debaters responded to Hui Shi, all their lifetime, without coming to an end.


桓团、公孙龙辩者之徒，饰人之心，易人之意，能胜人之口，不能服人之心，辩者之囿也。惠施日以其知，与人之辩，特与天下之辩者为怪，此其柢也。


Huan Tuan and Gong-sun Long were true members of this class. By their specious representations they threw a glamour over men's minds and altered their ideas. They vanquished men in argument, but could not subdue their minds, only keeping them in the enclosure of their sophistry. Hui Shi daily used his own knowledge and the arguments of others to propose strange theses to all debaters - such was his practice.


然惠施之口谈，自以为最贤，曰：“天地其壮乎！”施存雄而无术。南方有倚人焉，曰黄缭，问天地所以不坠不陷，风雨雷霆之故。惠施不辞而应，不虑而对，遍为万物说；说而不休，多而无已，犹以为寡，益之以怪。以反人为实，而欲以胜人为名，是以与众不适也。弱于德，陈于物，其涂隩矣。由天地之道观惠施之能，其犹一蚉一虻之劳者也，其于物也何庸！夫充一尚可，曰愈贵，道几矣！惠施不能以此自宁，散于万物而不厌，卒以善辩为名。惜乎！惠施之才，骀荡而不得，逐万物而不反，是穷响以声，形与影竞走也。悲夫！


At the same time he would talk freely of himself, thinking himself the ablest among them, and saying, 'In heaven or earth who is my match?' Shi maintained indeed his masculine energy, but he had not the art (of controversy). In the south there was a man of extraordinary views, named Huang Liao, who asked him how it was that the sky did not fall nor the earth sink, and what was the cause of wind, rain, and the thunder's roll and crash. Shi made no attempt to evade the questions, and answered him without any exercise of thought, talking about all things, without pause, on and on without end; yet still thinking that his words were few, and adding to them the strangest observations. He thought that to contradict others was a real triumph, and wished to make himself famous by overcoming them; and on this account he was not liked by the multitude of debaters. He was weak in real attainment, though he might seem strong in comparison with others, and his way was narrow and dark. If we look at Hui Shi's ability from the standpoint of Heaven and Earth, it was only like the restless activity of a mosquito or gadfly; of what service was it to anything? To give its full development to any one capacity is a good thing, and he who does so is in the way to a higher estimation of the Dao; but Hui Shi could find no rest for himself in doing this. He diffused himself over the world of things without satiety, till in the end he had only the reputation of being a skilful debater. Alas! Hui Shi, with all his talents, vast as they were, made nothing out; he pursued all subjects and never came back (with success). It was like silencing an echo by his shouting, or running a race with his shadow. Alas!