孙子兵法精髓 Kernel of Sun Tzu Art of War

Sun Tzu Art of War (also known as Sun Zi Art of War) is the famous work written by Sun Zi. It has altogether 13 Chapters.
Since at least the 1980s, The Art of War has been applied to fields well outside the military. Much of the text is about how to fight wars without actually having to do battle: it gives tips on how to outsmart one's opponent so that physical battle is avoided. As such, it has found applications as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat.
The book has gained popularity in corporate culture as well; there have been a variety of business books written applying its lessons to corporate strategy. The book is also popular among Western business management, who have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations.

Detailed Assessment and Planning,始计 explores the five key elements that define competitive position namely, political intelligence, climate, terrain, leadership and organization characteristics, and how to evaluate your competitive strengths against your competitors.
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Popular Quotes
Some popular Sun Tzu Quotes in this chapter are
Sun Tzu said:"War is of immense importance. Because it will determines the nation and it's people survival. Thus the initial assessment of war is of utmost importance."
War is also about deceptions. When you are capable, feign incapability. When you are good at deployment of units, feign that you are incapable. When you are near, feign that you are far. When you are far away, feign that you are near.
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Importance of War
Original: 孙子曰: 兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。
English: Sun Tzu said:"War is of immense importance...
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Five Major Areas of Assessment
Original: 故经之已五，校之以计，而索其情: 一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。
English: There are five areas one should look at and compare them with those of enemies to understand the situation and assess the chance of victory. They are...
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Political Intelligence
Original: 道者，令民与上同意者也，可与之死，可与之生，民不畏危。
English: Political Intelligence means the ruler is able to unite the whole nation. In this way, ...
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What is Weather & Terrain?
Original: 天者，阴阳，暑寒，时制也。地者，高下，远近，易险，广狭，死生也。
English: Weather means day or night, brightness, temperature and seasonal changes.Terrain means ...
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Characteristic of Generals
Original: 将者，智，信，仁，勇，严也。
English: Generals should be assessed by...
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What Constitute an Army Organization?
Original: 法者，曲制，管道，主用也。
English: Army organization structure refers to the army organization and control,...
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Sub-Areas of Assessment
Original: 凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜。不知者不胜，故校之以计，而索其情。 曰: 主孰有道? 将孰有能? 天地孰得? 法令孰行? 兵众孰强？ 士卒孰练？ 赏罚孰明？ 吾以此观之，而知胜负矣。
English: Generals who are able to assess these five factors well would be able to win and those that could not would fail. Thus in planning,...
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The Type of Generals to Use
Original: 将听吾计，用之必胜，留之。将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。
English: Generals who adopt my strategies would be able to win the battle; he must be...
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War is about Deception
Original: 兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。
English: War is also about deception.When you are capable, feign...
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Thing to Note Using Deceptions
Original: 利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而扰之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之，攻其不备，出其不意。此乃兵家之胜，不可先传外也。
English: If the enemy is greedy, use baits to lure him. If the enemy is in disarray,...
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Final Stage of Assessment
Original: 夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也。未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况与无算乎。吾以此观之，胜负可见矣。
English: In conclusion, those who have consider more...
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Waging War,作战 explains the economic nature of competition and how success requires making winning pay, which in turn, requires limiting the cost of competition and conflict.
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Popular Quotes
Some popular Sun Tzu Quotes in this chapter are
The purpose of raising an army is to achieve swift and decisive victory. If victory cannot be achieved quickly, the army would be lethargic and lose their fighting spirit.
Hence, a wise general would always make it a point to use the supplies and provisions of the enemy.
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Raising an Army
Original: 孙子曰: 凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万， 馈粮千里;则内外之费用，宾客之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师可举矣。
English: In general, before the start of the military campaign, one would need ...
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Importance of Swiftness
Original: 其用战也贵速，久则兵钝挫锐，攻城则力屈，久暴师则国用不足。夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者，不能善其后，故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利也。
English: The purpose of raising an army is to achieve...
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Using Resources
Original: 善用兵者，役不在籍，粮不三载；取用与国，因粮于敌, 故军食可足也。国之贫于师者远输，远输则百姓贫，近于师者贵卖，贵卖则百姓财竭，材竭则急于丘役。力屈，财殚，中原内虚于家。百姓之费，十去其七。公家之费，破车罢马，车胄失弩，戟盾蔽橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。
English: The general who is well-versed with warfare does not...
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What is the Equivalence of One Unit of Enemy's Resource Compared to Ours
Original: 故智将务食于敌，食敌一种，当吾二十种；箕杆一石，當吾二十石。
English: Hence, a wise general would always make it a point to use...
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Motivating the Troops to Capture Enemy's Resource
Original: 故杀敌者，怒也; 取敌之利者，货也。故车战，得车十乘以上，赏其先得者，而更其旌旗，车杂而乘之;卒善而养之，是谓胜敌而益强。
English: In order to kill the enemies, you need to make your troops hate them. In order to motivate...
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Importance of a Good General (I)
Original: 故兵贵胜，不贵久。故知兵之将，生民之司命，国家安危之主也。
English: In war, it is better to go for swift victories rather than engaging in a prolong campaign. Thus a general...
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Strategic Attacks,谋攻 defines the source of strength as unity, not size, and the five ingredients that you need to succeed in any competitive situation.
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Popular Quotes
Some popular Sun Tzu Quotes in this chapter are
Thus to fight a hundred battles and win a hundred battles, is not a reflection of the most supreme strategy. The ability to subdue the enemy without battle is a reflection of the ultimate supreme strategy.
He who knows his enemy and himself well will not be defeated easily. He who knows himself but not his enemy, will have an even chance of victory. He who does not know himself and his enemy, is bound to suffer defeat in all battles.
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Aim for Completeness
Original: 孙子曰: 凡用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之; 全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之；
English:In war, to capture the whole nation intact is the best strategy; to ruin or shatter the nation is ...
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True Win
Original: 是故百战百胜，非善之善者也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。
English: Thus to fight a hundred battles and win a hundred battles, is...
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Forms of Attack and its Priority
Original: 故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，攻城之法为不得已。
English: The supreme is to attack enemies’ ...
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Why Avoid Attacking Cities
Original: 修橹轒辒，具器械，三月而后成，距闉, 又三月而后已。将不胜其忿，而蚁附之，杀士三分之一，而城不拔之，此攻之灾也。
English: The preparation of shields, weapons and equipment would take at least...
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What Good Generals Aim For
Original: 故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也；必以全而争天下，故兵不顿，而利可全。此谋攻之法也。
English: The general who is adept at warfare will be able to subdue his enemy’s troops without...
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Attacking Enemy's Troops Base on Own Numbers
Original: 故用兵之法，十而围之，五则攻之，倍而分之，敌而战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。
English: When you outnumber your enemy ten to one, surround him. When you outnumber your enemy five to one, ...
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Strength of Nation Depends on Generals
Original: 夫将者，国之辅也。辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。
English: The general being an official, serve the nation. If he is thoughtful and detailed in his work,...
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How Rulers can Affect Campaign
Original: 故君之所以患于军者三；不知军之不可以进，而谓之进；不知军之不可以退，而谓之退；是谓縻军。不知三军之事，而同三军之政者，则军事之惑矣。不知三军之权，而同三军之任，则军之疑矣。三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难矣，是谓乱军引胜。
English: There are three ways in which the ruler can adversely affect his army’s campaign...
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How to Predict Victory
Original: 故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜；识众寡之用者胜；上下同欲者胜；以虞待不虞者胜；将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。
English: There are five ways to predict victory...
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Know the Enemy
Original: 故曰：知彼知己，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼，不知己，每战必殆。
English: He who knows his enemy and himself well will not be...

Disposition of the Army,军形 explains the importance of defending existing positions until you can advance them and how you must recognize opportunities, not try to create them.
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Popular Quotes
Some popular Sun Tzu Quotes in this chapter are
In ancient times, those who were skilful in warfare ensured that they would not be defeated and then waited for opportunities to defeat the enemy.
Therefore, the person adept at warfare, will put himself in a position where odds of defeat is the smallest and grabs every opportunity to defeat the enemy.
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Ensure Undefeated-ness
Original: 孙子曰：昔之善战者，先为不可胜，以待敌可胜。不可胜在己，可胜在敌。故善战者，能为不可胜，不能使敌人之可胜。故曰：胜可知，而不可为。
English: Sun Tzu said: In ancient times, those who were skilful in warfare ensured that they...
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When to Offend or Defend
Original: 不可胜者，守也；可胜者，攻也。守则不足，攻则有余。善守者，藏于九地之下，善攻者，动于九天之上，故能自保而全胜也。
English: If the enemy cannot be overcome, defend. If the enemy can be overcome...
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True Military Strategist (I)
Original: 见胜不过众人之所知，非善之善者也；战胜而天下曰善，非善之善者也。故举秋毫不为多力，见日月不为明目，闻雷霆不为聪耳。古之所谓善战者，胜于易胜者也。故善战者之胜也，无智名，无勇功。
English: To predict a victory that cannot surpass the common military knowledge, is not...
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True Military Strategist (II)
Original: 故其战胜不忒，不忒者，其所措必胜，胜已败者也。故善战者，立于不败之地，而不失敌之败也。是故胜兵先胜而后求战，败兵而先战而后求胜。善用兵者，修道而保法，故能为胜败之政。
English: He wins battle with confidence and without making mistakes. He does not make mistakes because...
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Evaluating Operations
Original: 兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰数，四曰称，五曰胜；地生度，度生量，量生数，数生称，称生胜。
English: Now in warfare, evaluations must be made as follows: First, estimating the degree of difficulty; second, assessing the scope of operation; third,...
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Disposition of Army
Original: 故胜兵若以镒称铢，故败兵若以铢称镒。称胜者之战民也，若决积水于千仞之溪者，形也。
English: Thus, a victorious army is like a heavy-weight matched against...
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Forces,兵势 expels the use of creativity and timing to build your competitive momentum.
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Popular Quotes
Some popular Sun Tzu Quotes in this chapter are
In battle, use the direct forces to match the enemy, and use the indirect forces to win the enemy.
When the gushing torrential water tosses stones pushing boulders, it is because of the force of its momentum. When the ferocious strike of an eagle, breaks the body of its prey, it is because of the timing of the strike.
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Managing Troops & Attacking
Original: 孙子曰：凡治众如治寡，分数是也；斗众如斗寡，形名是也；三军之众，可使必受敌而无败，奇正是也；兵之所加，如以碫投卵者，虚实是也。
English: Sun Tzu said: Managing a large force can be similar to managing a small force. It is a matter of...
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Direct & Indirect Forces
Original: 凡战者，以正合，以奇胜。故善出奇者，无穷如天地，不竭如江河。终而复始，日月是也。死而复生，四时是也。声不过五，五声之变，不可胜听也。色不过五，五色之变，不可胜观也。味不过五，五味之变，不可胜尝也。战势不过奇正，奇正之变，不可胜穷之也。奇正相生，如环之无端，孰能穷之？
English: In battle, use the direct forces to match the...
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Momentum & Timing
Original: 激水之疾，至于漂石者，势也；鸷鸟之疾，至于毁拆者，节也。是故善战者，其势险，其节短。势如张弩，节如发机。
English: When the gushing torrential water tosses stones pushing boulders, it is because of...
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Control of Army
Original: 纷纷纭纭，斗乱而不可乱也。浑浑沌沌，形圆而不可败也。
English: In the midst of disorders and turmoil in war, while the troops have to fight under chaotic situations, they must...
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Deceptions by Troops
Original: 乱生于治，怯生于勇，弱生于强。治乱，数也；勇怯，势也；强弱，形也。
English: To feign disorder, one must possess...
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Manipulating Enemy
Original: 故善动敌者，形之，敌必从之；予之，敌必取之。以利动之，以卒待之。
English: Thus the person, who is adept at warfare, manipulates the enemy by...
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Exploiting Forces
Original: 故善战者，求之于势，不责于人；故能择人而任势。任势者，其战人也，如转木石。木石之性，安则静，危则动，方则止，圆则行。故善战人之势，如转圆石于千仞之山者，势也。
English: Thus the person who is adept at warfare, use the battle circumstances and does not solely...
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Weaknesses and Strengths,虚实 explains how your opportunities come from the openings in the environment caused by the relative weakness of your competitors in a given area.
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Popular Quotes
Some popular Sun Tzu Quotes in this chapter are
Thus the person adept in warfare seeks to control and manipulate his enemy instead of being manipulated and controlled.
Without ascertainable formations, even the most infiltrated and observant spy will not be able to probe and comprehend, and the wisest strategist will not be able to uncover your plans or plot against you.
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First-Mover
Original: 孙子曰：凡先处战地而待敌者佚，后处战地而趋战者劳。
English: Sun Tzu said: Those who arrive first at the battleground will...
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To Move the Enemy
Original: 故善战者，致人而不致于人。能使敌自至者，利之也；能使敌不得至者，害之也。
English: Thus the person adept in warfare seeks to control and...
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How to Stall the Enemy
Original: 故敌佚而能劳之，饱能饥之，安能动之。出其所不趋，趋其所不意。
English: Thus when the enemy is well-rested, disturb...
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Moving, Attacking & Defending
Original: 行千里而不劳者，行于无人之地也。攻而必取者，攻其所不守也。守而必固者，守其所不攻也。故善攻者，敌不知其所守。善守者，敌不知其所攻。微乎微乎，至于无形，神乎神乎，至于无声，故能为敌之司命。
English: An army can travel for a thousand miles without being exhausted because...
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Attack Without Resistance, Retreat Without Being Attacked
Original: 进而不可御者，冲其虚也；退而不可追者，速而不可及也。
English: He is able to advance without resistance because he accelerates along areas that are...
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How to Engage or Disengage the Enemy
Original: 故我欲战，敌虽高垒深沟，不得不与我战者，攻其所必救也；我不欲战，虽画地而守之，敌不得与我战者，乖其所之也。
English: Thus when I desire to go into battle, even if the enemy is behind high walls and...
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Concealment & it Benefits
Original: 故形人而我无形，则我专而敌分；我专为一，敌分为十，是以十攻其一也，则我众而敌寡；能以众击寡者，则吾之所与战者，约矣。吾所与战之地不可知；不可知，则敌所备者多，敌所备者多，则吾之所战者，寡矣。 故备前则后寡， 备后者前寡，故备左则右寡，备右则左寡，无所不备，则无所不寡。
English: Thus, if I can uncover the dispositions of the enemy while remaining concealed myself, I can keep my forces...
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How Attack & Defence can Affect Strength
Original: 寡者，备人者也；众者，使人备己者也。
English: The inferiority or weakness in numbers is normally associated with...
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Knowing the BattleGround & Engagement Time
Original: 故知战之地，知战之日，则可千里而会战。不知战之地，不知战之日，则左不能救右，右不能救左，前不能救后，后不能救前， 而况远者数十里，近者数里乎？
English: If you know the terrain of the battleground and the exact date of engagement of battle, your army can...
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Majority has Absolute Advantage?
Original: 以吾度之，越人之兵虽多，亦奚益于胜败哉？故曰：胜可为也。敌虽众，可使无斗。故策之而知得失之计，作之而知动静之理，形之而知死生之地，角之而知有余不足之处。
English: Based on my analysis and evaluation, the people of YUE may have superiority in numbers but does this mean that it has the definite advantage...
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Flexibility in Formation
Original: 故形兵之极，至于无形；无形，则深间不能窥，智者不能谋。因形而错胜于众，众不能知；人皆知我所以胜之形，而莫知吾所以制胜之形；
English: The ultimate skill in the deployment of troops is to ensure that it has...
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Be Flexible like Water
Original: 故其战胜不复，而应形于无穷。夫兵形像水，水之形，避高而趋下；兵之形，避实而击虚。水因地而制流，兵因敌而制胜。 故兵无常势，水无常形；能因敌变化而取胜者，谓之神。故五行无常胜，四时无常位，日有长短，月有生死。
English: Therefore, the victory gained from each battle comes about because strategies and tactics...
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Military Manoeuvere,军争 explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon you.
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Popular Quotes
Some popular Sun Tzu Quotes in this chapter are
Those who do not use local guides will not be able to gain the advantages of the terrain.
It follows that an army without heavy equipment and supplies will perish. An army without sufficient food and grain will die. An army without sufficient stockpiles and reserves will not survive.
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Difficulties in Troops Manoeuvere
Original: 孙子曰：凡用兵之法，将受命于君，合军聚众，交合而舍，莫难于军争。军争之难者，以迂为直，以患为利。
English: Sun Tzu said: In any military campaign, the general will first receive orders from his ruler. He then...
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[edit]
Reaching Battlefield Earlier
Original: 故迂其途，而诱之以利，后人发，先人至，此知迂直之计者也。
English: Thus, advance by using indirect routes, and lure the enemy by...
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[edit]
Difficulty in Equipping Army
Original: 故军争为利，军争为危。举军而争利，则不及；委军而争利，则辎重损。是故卷甲而趋，日月不处，倍道兼行，百里而争利，则擒三将军，劲者先，疲者后，其法十一而至；五十里而争利，则蹶上将军，其法半至；三十里而争利，则三分之二至。故军无辎重则亡，无粮食则亡，无委积则亡。
English: In maneuvering there are advantages to be gained and dangers and calamities as well. One who attempts to mobilize a...
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[edit]
Critical Information for Manoeuvering
Original: 故不知诸侯之谋者，不能豫交；不知山林，险阻，沮泽之形者，不能行军；不用乡导者，不能得地利。
English: Thus, if the schemes and ploys of the neighboring warlords are not known, one should...
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[edit]
Art of Manoeuvering
Original: 故兵以诈立，以利动，以分合为变者也。故其疾如风，其徐如林，侵略如火，不动如山，难知如阴，动如雷震。掠乡分众，廓地分利，悬权而动。先知迂直至计者胜，此军争之法也。
English: Thus, war is based on who applies deception best. Move when there is...
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[edit]
Importance of Unity in Manoeuvering
Original: 军政曰：┌言不相闻，故为金鼓；视不相见，故为旌旗┘ 夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一人之耳目也；人既专一，则勇者不得独进，怯者不得独退，此用众之法也。
English: According to the Book on Military Administration, “In battles, as verbal communication cannot be heard clearly,...
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[edit]
Uniting Troops during Manoeuvere
Original: 故夜战多用火鼓，昼战多旌旗，所以变人之耳目也。
English:: For battles at night, use more torches and drums. For battles in the day, use...
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[edit]
Controlling Morale
Original: 故三军可夺气，将军可夺心。是故朝气锐，昼气惰，暮气归。故善用兵者，避其锐气， 击其惰气，此治气者也。
English: Thus, they serve to destroy the morale of the enemy’s army. With regard to the generals of the enemy, they serve...
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[edit]
Handling Psychological Factor
Original: 以治待乱，以静待哗，此治心者也。
English: Use orderliness and stability to confront...
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[edit]
Managing Physique Factor
Original: 以近待远，以佚待劳，以饱待饥，此治力者也。
English: Use proximity to battlefield to counter enemies that...
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[edit]
Managing Change Factor
Original: 无邀正正之旗，无击堂堂之阵，此治变者也。
English: Never engage an approaching enemy who displays ...
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[edit]
Manoeuvering & Deploying of Troops
Original: 故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，佯北勿从，锐卒勿攻， 饵兵勿食，归师勿遏， 围师必阙，穷寇勿追，此用兵之法也。
English: Thus the art of applying military maneuvers includes the following: ...
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Variation and Adaptability,九变 focuses on the need for flexibility in your responses. It explains how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully.
[edit]
Popular Quotes
Some popular Sun Tzu Quotes in this chapter are
Thus, the wise strategist will always weigh and consider the favourable and unfavourable factors in his deliberations.
Thus, in the conduct of war, one must not rely on the failure of the enemy to come, but on the readiness of oneself to engage him.
[edit]
Six Grounds & Troop's Actions
Original: 孙子曰：凡用兵之法，将受命于君， 合军聚众，圯地无舍， 衢地合交，绝地勿留，围地则谋，死地则战。
English: Sun Zi said: In a military campaign, the general first receive orders from his ruler. He then...
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[edit]
Importance of Being Adapting to Changing Situations & Terrain
Original: 途有所不由，军有所不击，城有所不攻，地有所不争，君命有所不受。故将通于九变之利者，知用兵矣；将不通于九变之利，虽知五形，不能得的之利矣；治兵不知九变之术，虽知地利，不能得人之用矣。
English: There are some routes and paths that must not be taken. There are some armies and troops that must not be ...
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[edit]
Why Factor Favourable & Unfavourable
Original: 是故智者之虑，必杂于利害。杂于利，而务可信也；杂于害，而患可解也。
English: Thus, the wise strategist will always weigh and consider...
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[edit]
Dealing with Warlords
Original: 是故诸侯者以害，役诸侯者以业，趋诸侯者以利。
English: Succumb the neighbouring warlords through the use...
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[edit]
Preparedness
Original: 故用兵之法，无恃其不来，恃吾有以待也；无恃其不攻，恃吾有所不可攻也。
English: Thus, in the conduct of war, one must not rely on the failure of...
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[edit]
Dangerous Traits of Generals
Original: 故将有五危：必死，可杀也；必生，可虏也；忿速，可侮也；廉洁，可辱也；爱民，可烦也。此五者，将之过也，用兵之灾也。覆军杀将，必以五危，不可不察也。
English: Thus, there are five dangers that will plague any general...
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Movement and Deployment of Troops,行军 describes the different situations in which you find yourselves when you move into new competitive arenas and how to respond to them. Much of it focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
[edit]
Popular Quotes
Some popular Sun Tzu Quotes in this chapter are
Concentrate the strengths of your forces sufficiently and judge the moves and motives of the enemy accurately so as to capture him.
When the men are punished before their loyalty is secured, they will be rebellious and disobedient.
[edit]
Deployment in Mountainous Area
Original: 孙子曰：凡处军、相敌：绝山依谷， 视生处高来， 战隆无登，此处山之军也。
English: Sun Tzu said: In the deployment of troops and in the analysis and assessment of the enemy, certain principles...
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[edit]
Deployment in Marine Battles
Original: 绝水必远水；客绝水而来，勿迎之于水内，令半济而击之，利；欲战者，无附于水而迎客；视生处高，无迎水流，此处水上之军也。
English: After crossing a river, get as far away from ...
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[edit]
Deployment in Swamp & Marsh
Original: 绝斥泽，惟亟去无留；若交军于斥泽之中，必依水草，而背众树，此处斥泽之军也。
English: When crossing salty swamps and marshes, move...
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[edit]
Deployment on Level Terrain
Original: 平陆处易，而右背高，前死后生，此处平陆之军也。
English: On level terrain, occupy positions that allow you...
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[edit]
Basic Deployment Rules
Original: 凡此四军之利，黄帝之所以胜四帝也。凡军好高而恶下，贵阳而贱阴，养生而处实。军无百疾，是谓必胜。
English:By mastering the principles of the four different situations for...
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[edit]
Deployment in Hilly Areas
Original: 丘陵堤防，必处其阳，而右背之。此兵之利、地之助也。
English: When in hilly areas, you need to be cautious and...
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[edit]
When Going to Cross River
Original: 上雨，水沫至，欲涉者，待其定也。
English: When there is rain upstream and the river is...
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[edit]
Deployment in Treacherous Natural Crevices
Original: 凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾远之，敌近之；吾迎之，敌背之。
English: In any terrain, there are treacherous gullies, natural wells, natural...
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[edit]
Deployment in Areas with Thick Undergrowth
Original: 军旁有险阻、潢井、葭苇、林木、翳荟者，必谨复索之，此伏奸之所处也。
English: The surrounding areas along the route that an army takes may have...
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[edit]
Signals from Enemy's Movement
Original: 敌近而静者，恃其险也。远而挑战者，欲人之进也；其所居易者，利也。
English: When the enemy is nearby and yet is able to remain silent, he is...
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[edit]
Signals from Nature
Original: 众树动者，来也；众草多障者，疑也。鸟起者，伏也；兽骇者，覆也；
English: When the forest trees show sign of movement, the enemy is...
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[edit]
Signals from Dust Clouds
Original: 尘高而锐者，车来也；卑而广者，徒来也。散而条达者，樵采也。少而往来者，营军也。
English: When the dust rises high and concentrated, the enemy...
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[edit]
Signals from Envoy
Original: 辞卑而益备者，进也；辞强而进驱者，退也；无约而请和者，谋也；
English: When the envoy of the enemy speaks humbly and lowly while...
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[edit]
Signals from Formation
Original: 轻车先出居其侧者，陈也；奔走而陈兵者，期也；半进半退者，诱也。
English: When the light chariots leave the main force to take up...
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[edit]
Signals from Soldiers & Camp
Original: 杖而立者，饥也；汲而先饮者，渴也。见利而不进者，劳也；鸟集者，虚也；夜呼者，恐也；军扰者，将不重也。旌旗动者，乱也；吏怒者，倦也；粟马肉食，军无悬甑，不返其舍者，穷寇也；
English: When the soldiers of the enemy are leaning against their weapons, they are...
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[edit]
Signals About Generals
Original: 谆谆翕翕，徐与人言者，失众也；数赏者，窘也。数罚者，困也。先暴而后畏其众者，不精之至也；来委谢者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必谨察之。
English: When the officers and men gather in small groups to speak softly and...
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[edit]
Numerical Advantage?
Original: 兵非贵益多，惟无武进，足以并力、料敌、取人而巳。夫唯无虑而易敌者，必擒于人。
English: The strength of an army does not depend...
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[edit]
Loyalty & Punishment
Original: 卒末亲附而罚之，则不服，不服则难用也。卒已亲附而罚不行，则不可用也。
English: When the men are punished before their loyalty is secured, they will be...
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[edit]
Enforcement of Orders
Original: 故令之以文，齐之以武，是谓必取。令素行以教其民，则民服；令不素行以教其民，则民不服。令素行者，与众相得也。
English: Thus, the general must be able to instruct his troops with...
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Terrain,地形 is Chapter 10 of Sun Zi Art of War.
[edit]
Types of Terrain
Original: 孙子曰：地形有通者，有挂者，有支者，有隘者，有险者，有远者。
English: Sun Zi said: There are different kinds of terrain, such as: ...
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[edit]
In a Communicative Ground
Original: 我可以往，彼可以来，曰通。通形者，先居高阳，利粮道，以战则利。
English: An area that is easily accessible to me and the other side is...
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[edit]
In an Entrapping Ground
Original: 可以往，难以返，曰挂。挂形者，敌无备，出而胜之；敌若有备，出而不胜，难以返，不利。
English: An area that is easy to enter but difficult to...
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[edit]
In an Indifferent Ground
Original: 我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形者，敌虽利我，我无出也；引而去之，令敌半出而击之，利。
English: An area that is not advantageous for occupation for...
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[edit]
In a Constricted Ground
Original: 隘形者，我先居之，必盈之以待敌；若敌先居之，盈而勿从，不盈而从之。
English: On a constricted ground, must be the first to...
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[edit]
In a Key Ground
Original: 险形者，我先居之，必居高阳以待敌；若敌先居之，引而去之，勿从也。
English: On key ground, first occupy and then...
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[edit]
In a Distant Ground
Original: 远形者，势均，难以挑战，战而不利。
English: On a distant ground, if both forces are...
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[edit]
Terrains & Generals
Original: 凡此六者，地之道也。将之至任，不可不察也。
English: The natural laws of terrain underlie these...
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[edit]
Six Army Calamities
Original: 故兵有走者，有弛者，有陷者，有崩者，有乱者，有北者。凡此六者，非天地之灾，将之过也。
English: An army suffers from...
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[edit]
Army Calamities
Original: 夫势均，以一击十，曰走；卒强吏弱，曰弛；吏强卒弱，曰陷；大吏怒而不服，遇敌忍而自战，将不知其能，曰崩；将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱；将不能料敌，以少防众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。凡此六者，败之道也。将之至任，不可不察也。
English: Even when all other conditions and characteristics are...
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[edit]
Exploiting Terrain
Original: 夫地形者，兵之助也；料敌制胜，计险厄远近，上将之道也。如此而用战者必胜，不知此而用战者必败。
English: Advantages of terrain are exploited to...
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[edit]
Precious Generals
Original: 故战道必胜，主曰: 无战，必战可也；战道不胜，主曰: 必战，无战可也。故进不求名，退不避罪，唯民是保，而利于主，国之宝也。
English: If an assessment of the battle situations is one of...
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[edit]
Treating Troops
Original: 视卒如婴儿，故可与之赴深溪；视卒如爱子，故可与与之俱死。厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬如骄子，不可用也。
English: When the general regards his troops as...
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[edit]
Terrain & Victory
Original: 知吾卒之可以击，而不知敌之不可击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，而不知吾卒之不可以击，胜之半也；知敌之可击，知吾卒之可以击，而不知地形之不可以战，胜之半也。
English: If I know that my troops are capable of...
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[edit]
Generals Must Know the Terrain
Original: 故知兵者，动而不迷，举而不穷。故曰：知彼知已，胜乃不殆；知天知地，胜乃可全。
English: Thus, he who is adept at warfare, when...
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The Nine Battlegrounds,九地 is Chapter 11 of Sun Zi Art of War.
[edit]
What are the Nine Battlegrounds
Original: 孙子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衡地，有重地，有圮地，有围地，有死地。
English: Sun Zi said: In the deployment of troops, there is...
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[edit]
Nine Battlegrounds (I)
Original: 诸侯自战其地者，为散地。入人之地而不深者，为轻地。我得亦利，彼得亦利者，为争地。
English: When various warlords fight over the occupation of...
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[edit]
Nine Battlegrounds (II)
Original: 我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地。诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下之众者，为衢地。入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地。
English: An area that is easily accessible to me and to the other side is ...
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[edit]
Nine Battlegrounds (III)
Original: 行山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为圯地。所由入者隘，所从旧者迂，彼寡可以击吾之众者，为围地。疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。
English: When an army is moving along forested mountains, dangerous mountain passes,...
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[edit]
What to Do at Battlegrounds
Original: 是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻， 交地则无绝，衢地则合交，重地则掠，圯地则行，围地则谋，死地则战。
English: Therefore, when on dispersive ground, do not...
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[edit]
Adept at Warfare Does
Original: 古之善用兵者，能使敌人前后不相及，众寡不相恃，贵贱不相救，上下不相收，卒离而不集，兵合而不齐。合于利而动，不合于利而止。
English: It is said that the skilful military strategists of the past were...
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[edit]
What to Do to An Army Superior in Numbers
Original: 敢问：“敌众整而将来，待之若何？” 曰： “先夺其所爱，则听矣。”
English: When I am asked: What can be done to an approaching enemy that is..
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[edit]
Speed is the Essence
Original: 兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。
English: Speed is the essence in the use and...
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[edit]
Principles on Invading
Original: 凡为客之道：深入则专，主人不克；掠于饶野，三军足食；谨养而勿劳，并气积力；运兵计谋，为不可测。
English: The principles governing an invading force are as follows:...
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[edit]
Placing Troops in the Foreign Territory
Original: 投之无所往，死且不北，死焉不得，士人尽力。兵士甚陷则不惧，无所往则固，入深则拘，不得已则斗。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不约而亲，不令而信，禁祥去疑，至死无所之。
English: Place your troops in positions where they cannot ...
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[edit]
When War is Declared
Original: 吾士无余财，非恶货也；无余命，非恶寿也。令发之日，士卒坐者涕霑襟，偃卧者涕交颐。投之无所往者，诸，刿之勇也。
English: My officers and men do not have excess wealth; but it is not...
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[edit]
Be Like Snake
Original: 故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。击其首则尾至， 击其尾则首至，击其中则首尾俱至。
English: Thus the army adept in warfare may be likened to...
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[edit]
How to Be Like Snake
Original: 敢问：“兵可使如率然乎?” 曰：“可。” 夫吴人与越人相恶也，当其同舟而济，遇风，其相救也，如左右手。是故方马埋轮，未足恃也。齐勇若一，政之道也；刚柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵者，携手若使一人，不得已也。
English: When I am asked: Can the deployment of troops have...
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[edit]
What the General Should Do
Original: 将军之事：静以幽、正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使之无知。易其事、革其谋，使人无识； 易其居、遇其途，使人不得虑。帅与之期，如登高而去其梯。帅与之深入诸侯之地，而发其机，焚舟破釜；若驱群羊，驱而往，驱而来，莫知所之。聚三军之众，投之于险，此将军之事也。
English: The art of generalship is to be...
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Important Aspects General Need to Study
Original: 九地之变，屈伸之利，人情之双，不可不察也。
English: The variations and changes of the various types of ground, the advantages...
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Principles on Occupation
Original: 凡为客之道：深则专，浅则散。去国越境而师者，绝地也；四通者，衢地也；入深者，重地也；入浅者，轻地也；背固前隘者，围地也；无所注者，死地也。
English: The principle governing occupation of hostile territory is: When an army...
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When In Hostile Territory
Original: 是故散地，吾将一其志；轻地，吾将使之属；争地，吾将趋其后；交地，吾将谨其守；衢地，吾将固其结；重地，吾将继其食；圯地，否将进其途； 围地，吾将塞其阙；死地，否将示之以不活。
English: On dispersive ground, the general must...
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Intuitive Nature of Soldiers
Original: 故兵之情：围则御，不得已则斗，过则从。
English: It is intuitive nature of soldiers to...
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Principles of War
Original: 是故不知诸侯之谋者，不能预交；不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军；不用乡导者，不能得地利。
English: Thus, if the schemes and ploys of the neighbouring warlords are...
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How Hegemon Wins
Original: 四五者，一不知，非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵，伐大国，则其众不得聚；威加于敌，则其交不得合。是故不争天下之交，不养天下之权，信己之私，威加于敌，故其城可拔，其国可隳。
English: If one fails to understand and exploit even one of...
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In War Situation
Original: 施无法之赏，悬无政之令，犯三军之众，若使一人。犯之以事，勿告以言； 犯之以利，勿告以害。投之亡地然后存，陷之死地然后生。夫众陷于害，然后能为胜败。
English: In a war situation, bestows rewards that do not...
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Art of Warfare
Original: 故为兵之事，在于顺详敌之意，并敌一向，千里杀将，是谓巧能成事。
English: Thus the art of warfare is to pretend to...
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When Date of War is Decided
Original: 是故政举之日，夷关折符，无通其使；厉于廊庙之上，以诛其事。
English: Thus, when the date for war is decided upon, close...
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Be Coy then Swift
Original: 敌人开阖，必亟入之。先其所爱，微与之期。践墨随敌，以决战事。是故始知处女，敌人开户，后如脱免，敌不及拒。
English: When the enemy provides an opening, move in...
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Attacking with Fire,火攻 is Chapter 12 of Sun Zi Art of War.
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Ways of Attacking With Fire
Original: 孙子曰：凡火攻有五：一曰火人，二曰火积，三曰火辎，四曰火库，五曰火队。
English: Sun Zi said there are five ways to use fire to attack the enemy. The first way is...
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Necessary Conditions for Fire Attack
Original: 行火必有因，烟火必素具。发火有时，起火有日。时者，天之燥也。日者，月在箕、壁、翼、轸也。凡此四宿者，风起之日也。
English: To launch attacks by fire, one must possess the...
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How to Attack When Using Fire
Original: 凡火攻，必因五火之变而应之。火发于内，则早应之于外。火发而兵静者，待而勿攻。极其火力， 可从则从之，不可从则止。火可发于外，无待于内，以时发之。
English: In assaults by fire, one must use the...
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[edit]
Wind & Fire
Original: 火发上风，无攻下风。昼风久，夜风止。
English: When fire is burning in the windward direction, do not...
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Water vs Fire
Original: 凡军必知五火之变，以数守之。故以火佐攻者明，以水佐攻者强。水可以绝，不可以夺。
English: The adept in warfare knows the five interchangeable methods of...
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Rulers & Generals
Original: 夫战胜攻取，而不修其功者凶，命曰费留。 故曰，明主虑之，良将修之。非利不动，非得不用，非危不战。
English: Now in warfare, those who are able to win battles and...
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[edit]
Anger
Original: 主不可以怒而兴师，将不可以愠而致战。 合于利而动，不合于利而止。
English: A warlord must not embark on a military...
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Consequences of Anger
Original: 怒可以复喜，愠可以复悦。亡国不可以复存，死者不可以复生。
English: Anger can return to...
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Ensure Security of Nation
Original: 故明君慎之，良将警之；此安国全军之道也。
English: Thus an enlightened ruler must always be...
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Intelligence and Espionage,用间 is Chapter 13 of Sun Zi Art of War.
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Costs of War
Original: 孙子曰：凡兴师十万，出征千里，百姓之费，公家之奉，日费千金；内外骚动，怠于道路，不得操事者，七十万家。
English: Sun Zi said: Raising an army of 100,000 for a distant military campaign will...
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[edit]
Why Intelligence
Original: 相守数年，以争一日之胜，而爱爵禄百金，不知敌之情者，不仁之至也， 非人之将也，非主之佐也，非胜之主也。故明君贤将，所以动而胜人，成功出于众者，先知也。
English: Two opposing armies may be at war with each other for...
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Where to Gather Intelligence
Original: 先知者不可取于鬼神，不可象于事，不可验于度，必取于人，知敌之情者也。
English: This foreknowledge cannot be obtained from...
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Types of Spies
Original: 故用间有五：有因间，有内间，有反间，有死间，有生间。五间俱起，莫知其道，是谓神纪，人君之宝也。
English: There are five kinds of secret agents that can be used. They are...
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Descriptions of Spies
Original: 因间者，因其乡人而用之。内间者， 因其官人而用之。反间者，因其敌间而用之。死间者，为谈事于外，令吾间知之，而传于敌间也。生间者，反报也。
English: Local agents are ordinary people recruited from...
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Relationship with Spies
Original: 故三军之事，莫亲于间，赏莫厚于间，事莫密于间。
English: Thus, among all military relationships, none can be...
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Who & Where to Use Spies
Original: 非圣智不能用间，非仁义不能使间，非微妙不能得间之实。 微哉微哉！无所不用间也。
English: Only those who are wise will be able to...
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When Espionage Activities Leak
Original: 间事未发而先闻者，间与所告者皆死。
English: When espionage activities and secret operations have been...
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Seeking Information
Original: 凡军之所欲击，城之所欲攻，人之所欲杀，必先知其守将、左右、谒者、门者、舍人之姓名，令吾间必素知之。
English: There may be army you wish to strike, cities you wish...
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Creating Double Agents
Original: 必素敌间之来间我者，因而利之，导而舍之，故反间可得而用也。
English: The secret agents of the enemy who are spying...
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Importance of Double Agents
Original: 因是而知之，故乡间、内间可得而使也； 因是而知之，故死间为诳事，可使告敌。因是而知之，故生间可使如期。五间之事，主必知之， 知之必在于反间，故反间不可不厚也。
English: It is through information gained from double agents that...
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Espionage & Victory
Original: 昔殷之兴也，伊挚在夏；周之兴也，吕牙在殷。故明君贤将，能以上智为间者，必成大功。此兵之要，三军所恃而动也。
English: In ancient times, the rise of the Shang Dynasty over the Xia Dynasty was because...
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